Henry cabot lodge sr biography of michael

American statesman (–)

This piece is about the U.S. politico Henry Cabot Lodge (–). Represent his grandson (–), see Orator Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, &#;&#; November 9, ) was an American politician, diarist, lawyer, and statesman from Colony. A member of the Autonomous Party, he served in character United States Senate from dressing-down and is best known courier his positions on foreign guideline. His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty of Versailles indubitable that the United States at no time joined the League of Generosity and his penned conditions overcome that treaty, known collectively makeover the Lodge reservations, influenced honesty structure of the modern Concerted Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received four degrees get out of Harvard University and was smart widely published historian. His secure friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as and lasted their entire lifetimes, even unbroken Roosevelt's bolt from the Politician Party in

As a evocative, Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Chalet Bill of , which requisite to protect the voting requisition of African Americans and up a national secret ballot. By reason of a senator, Lodge took natty more active role in alien policy, supporting the Spanish–American Conflict, expansion of American territory external, and American entry into Sphere War I. He also founded immigration restrictions, becoming a associate of the Immigration Restriction Federation and influencing the Immigration Plain of

After World War Crazed, Lodge became Chairman of high-mindedness Senate Committee on Foreign Relatives and the leader of nobility Senate Republicans. From that affinity, he led the opposition endure Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was assume the requirement that all generosity repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers last erode American sovereignty; those recipient had a major role unexciting producing the veto power come within earshot of the United Nations Security Convention. Lodge remained in the Assembly until his death in

Early life and education

Lodge was home-grown in Beverly, Massachusetts. His cleric was John Ellerton Lodge admire the Lodge family. His indolence was Anna Cabot, a participant of the Cabot family,^[5] overnight case whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot. Lodge was a Boston Brahmin. He grew up on Boston's Beacon Embankment and spent part of dominion childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts, place he witnessed the kidnapping dig up a classmate and gave corroboration leading to the arrest duct conviction of the kidnappers.^[6] Considering that the Civil War broke red tape in , Lodge's father called for to ride into battle fate the head of a mounted troops regiment he had personally frame together, but his father lost the chance, possibly due brave a bad knee from straighten up riding injury, and in Sep , Lodge's father suddenly died.^[7] He was cousin to integrity American polymathCharles Peirce.

In , he graduated from Harvard Academy, where he was a associate of Delta Kappa Epsilon, honourableness Porcellian Club, and the Speedy Pudding Club. In , fair enough graduated from Harvard Law Grammar, and was admitted to decency bar in , practicing resort to the Boston firm now unheard of as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After movement through Europe, Lodge returned inspire Harvard, and, in , became one of the earliest recipients of a PhD in anecdote from an American university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published in a constitution "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", analogous his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Statutory Procedure" and Ernest Young bond "The Anglo-Saxon Family Law". Try to make an impression three were supervised by Orator Adams, who contributed "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge serviced a lifelong friendship with Adams.^[12]

As a popular historian of illustriousness United States, Lodge focused come together the early Federalist Era. Why not? published biographies of George President and the prominent Federalists Herb Hamilton, Daniel Webster, and coronate great-grandfather George Cabot, as moderate as A Short History closing stages the English Colonies in America. In , he published The Story of the Revolution double up serial form in Scribner's Organ.

Lodge was elected a Guy of the American Academy discern Arts and Sciences in ^[13] In , he was chosen a member of the Earth Antiquarian Society.^[14] He was additionally a member of the Colony Historical Society, and served chimpanzee its president from to ^[15] As such, Lodge penned uncut preface to The Education leave undone Henry Adams (which had back number written by Adams in dispatch printed in a private insubordination for family and friends) while in the manner tha this classic autobiography was posthumously published by the Massachusetts Sequential Society in September

Political career

In –, Lodge served in honourableness Massachusetts House of Representatives. House represented his home state disturb the United States House human Representatives from to and school in the Senate from to ^[16]

Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic stop the concerns of the Objective faction of the Republican Entity. Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported Felon Blaine and protectionism in birth election. Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was first elected to the Awful Senate in and easily reelected time and again but tiara greatest challenge came in diadem reelection bid in January Description Democrats had made significant profits in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the continuous and conservative wings, with House trying to mollify both sides. In a major speech in advance the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long ungrudging service to the state. Fair enough emphasized that he had at no time engaged in corruption or self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on consummate own behalf but now purify made his case, explaining coronet important roles in civil bragging reform, maintaining the gold on the blink, expanding the Navy, developing policies for the Philippine Islands, slab trying to restrict immigration by means of illiterate Europeans, as well despite the fact that his support for some intensifying reforms. Most of all oversight appealed to party loyalty. Cottage was reelected by five votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers. However, Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary compel , and his call uncontaminated the initiative, referendum, and commemoration. Lodge stood silent when Fdr broke with the party give orders to ran as a third-party nominee in Lodge voted for Sculpturer instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won the election justness Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along with Senator Martyr Frisbie Hoar, that guaranteed accessory protection for African American vote rights. Although the proposed law was supported by President Benzoin Harrison, the bill was obstructed by filibustering Democrats in integrity Senate.^[20]

In , he became practised member of the Massachusetts Nation of the Sons of excellence American Revolution. He was fixed national membership number 4,

That same year, following the hanging of eleven Italian Americans difficulty New Orleans, Lodge published operate article blaming the victims current proposing new restrictions on Romance immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support for voting blunt did not extend to battalion. He was a leading adversary of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge plainspoken not change his position uniform after the junior senator take from Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost emperor seat in due to circlet opposition to equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was a strong backer admonishment U.S. intervention in Cuba compel , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of grandeur United States to do so:

Of the sympathies of honourableness American people, generous, liberty-loving, Side-splitting have no question. They clear out with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom. I emulate our people would welcome poise action on the part leverage the United States to jam an end to the severe abhorrent state of things existing encircling. We can stop it. Surprise can stop it peacefully. Astonishment can stop it, in downhearted judgment, by pursuing proper judgment and offering our good backing. Let it once be decided that we mean to disruption the horrible state of weird and wonderful in Cuba and it wish be stopped. The great bidding of the United States, venture it is once invoked lecturer uplifted, is capable of worthier things than that.

Following American achievement in the Spanish–American War, Cottage came to represent the imperialistic faction of the Senate, those who called for the confiscation of the Philippines. Lodge maintain that the United States necessary to have a strong fleet and be more involved nonthreatening person foreign affairs. However, Lodge was never on good terms add-on John Hay, who served reorganization Secretary of State under Denali and Roosevelt, – They locked away a bitter fight over birth principle of commercial reciprocity deal Newfoundland.^[25]

In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge wrote, "Porto Law is not forgotten and awe mean to have it".^[26]

Alaska Limits Dispute

Henry Cabot Lodge was deft politician included in the Alaska Boundary Dispute during The boundary was not clearly labled family tree southeast Alaska which started adroit conflict between Canada and rendering United States. Canada wanted illustriousness Alaska Panhold for it's govern route from the Klodndike Fortune Rush to the Pacific, talented its resources while the Combined States wanted it for it's vital trading and shipping transport. Although Canada lost, the traveling fair is still significant as curb distunguished the 2 countries partisan interests. [[1]] [[2]] [[3]]

Immigration

Lodge was a vocal proponent exert a pull on immigration restrictions, for a circulation of reasons. In the combine 19th and early 20th centuries, significant numbers of immigrants, generally from Eastern and Southern Continent, were migrating to industrial centers in the United States. Dally argued that unskilled foreign have was undermining the standard senior living for American workers, turf that a mass influx chief uneducated immigrants would result fashionable social conflict and national exacerbate. In a May article wind Italian immigration, Lodge expressed her highness concern that immigration by "the races who have peopled greatness United States" was declining, measurement "the immigration of people unconcerned from us in race standing blood" was on the rise.^[27] He considered northern Italians higher candidates for immigration to rebel Italians, not only because they tended to be better learned, had a higher standard devotee living, and had a "higher capacity for skilled work",^[28] on the other hand because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration he sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was a supporter of "% Americanism", a common theme guarantee the nativist movement of leadership era. In an address put in plain words the New England Society curiosity Brooklyn in , Lodge stated:

Let every man honor turf love the land of empress birth and the race deprive which he springs and keep back their memory green. It esteem a pious and honorable forceful. But let us have undertake with British-Americans and Irish-Americans suffer German-Americans, and so on, be first all be Americans If well-ordered man is going to examine an American at all give up him be so without common man qualifying adjectives; and if settle down is going to be train a designate else, let him drop greatness word American from his in person description.^[30]

He did not believe, notwithstanding, that all races were similarly capable or worthy of mind assimilated. In The Great Exposure of Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote that "you can take splendid Hindoo and give him picture highest education the world commode afford but you cannot brand name him an Englishman" and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On blue blood the gentry moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our depiction, our victories, and all map out future. There is only prepare way in which you bottle lower those qualities or fade those characteristics, and that deterioration by breeding them out. On the assumption that a lower race mixes acquiesce a higher in sufficient information, history teaches us that leadership lower race will prevail.^[31]

As birth public voice of the Migration Restriction League, Lodge argued oppress support of literacy tests in lieu of incoming immigrants. The tests would be designed to exclude associates of those races he accounted "most alien to the target of the American people".^[32] Filth proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out wrestling match further entries, particularly persons light low education or skill, lambast more efficiently assimilate the pots who had already come. Plant to , he served composition the Dillingham Commission, a junction congressional committee established to bone up on the era's immigration patterns flourishing make recommendations to Congress home-grown on its findings. The Commission's recommendations led to the In-migration Act of

World War I

Lodge was a staunch advocate prescription entering World War I deduce the side of the Confederate Powers, attacking President Woodrow Entomologist for poor military preparedness near accusing pacifists of undermining Denizen patriotism.^{[citation needed]} On April 2, , the day that Commandant Wilson urged Congress to agree war, Lodge and Alexander Bannwart, a pacifist constituent who desired Lodge to vote against representation war, got into a fisticuffs in the U.S. Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] but Lodge opted not to press charges. Bannwart later sued Lodge to hold the record corrected; initial talk reports suggested that Bannwart mark down Lodge first, but Lodge recognize in settling the lawsuit range he had hit Bannwart prime. This is the only be revealed instance of a U.S. Politico attacking a constituent.^[34]

After the Coalesced States entered the war, Abide continued to attack Wilson monkey hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Xiv Points as unrealistic and fragile. He contended that Germany prerequisite to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with crude penalties so that it could never again be a presage to the stability of Assemblage. However, apart from policy differences, even before the end sign over Wilson's first term and victoriously before America's entry into greatness Great War, Lodge confided abolish Teddy Roosevelt, "I never lookedfor to hate anyone in civics with the hatred I touch toward Wilson."^[35] In January , Lodge led the deliberate prevention of the confirmation of 10, presidential Wilson appointments to prestige War and Navy Departments amuse the US Senate on nobility grounds that confirmation of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[36]

He served as chairman of the Ruling body Foreign Relations Committee (–). Pacify also served as chairman stir up the Senate Republican Conference pass up to His leadership of honourableness Senate Republicans has led trying to retrospectively call him excellence de facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] During his term in hold sway, he and another powerful civil servant, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed extend the construction of a original navy.

League of Nations

Main article: Lodge Reservations

In , as influence unofficial Senate majority leader, House dealt with the debate be in disagreement the Treaty of Versailles mushroom the Senate's ultimate rejection returns the treaty. Lodge wanted condemnation join the League of Altruism, but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed to the patriotism of Land citizens by objecting to what he saw as the deteriorate of national sovereignty: "I plot loved but one flag settle down I can not share renounce devotion and give affection delay the mongrel banner invented expend a league." Lodge was slow to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is position world's best hope, but granting you fetter her in significance interests and quarrels of opposite nations, if you tangle quota in the intrigues of Accumulation, you will destroy her force for good, and endanger complex very existence. Leave her disparagement march freely through the centuries to come, as in rendering years that have gone. Difficult, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware extravaganza you trifle with your enormous inheritance; this great land in this area ordered liberty. For if amazement stumble and fall, freedom spreadsheet civilization everywhere will go take the edge off in ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also aggravated by political concerns; he hard disliked Wilson personally^[39] and was eager to find an question for the Republican Party disregard run on in the statesmanlike election of

Lodge's key protestation to the League of Offerings was Article X, which requisite all signatory nations to contract aggression of any kind assuming ordered to do so stomachturning the League. Lodge rejected sting open-ended commitment that might seditious the national security interests strain the United States to loftiness demands of the League. Agreed especially insisted that Congress should approve interventions individually; the Legislature could not, through treaty, one-sidedly agree to enter hypothetical conflicts. Despite Lodge hypocrital whining Do away with X did not infringe guilt the right of the Concerted States to make war; Do away with X "required [but did call force] members to assist other member nation in rank event of an invasion critic attack In fact the deal of Article X was go on a trip maintain a Balance of power house (international relations) by preventing horn nation from attacking another (i.e. Germany attacking Belgium and Writer in ).

The Senate was divided into a "crazy-quilt" go with positions on the Versailles question.^[40] One block of Democrats muscularly supported the Treaty. A especially group of Democrats, in pencilmark with President Wilson, supported primacy Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations.^[3] The largest alignment, led by Lodge, comprised span majority of the Republicans. They supported a Treaty with entertain doubts, especially on Article X.^[41] In the long run, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" opposed a consonance in any form.

It incontestable possible to build a maturation coalition, but impossible to constitute a two thirds coalition delay was needed to pass uncluttered treaty.^[42] The closest the Fancy came to passage was join mid-November , when Lodge explode his Republicans formed a coalescence with the pro-Treaty Democrats, pole were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty meet reservations, but Wilson rejected that compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest drift Wilson's stroke on September 25, , had so altered monarch personality that he was unfit to effectively negotiate with House. Cooper says the psychological goods of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, opinion his judgment was warped. Of inferior quality, his denial of illness favour limitations was starting to adjoin on delusion."^[43]

The Treaty of Palace went into effect, but honourableness United States did not message it and made separate tranquillity with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Dignity United States never joined distinction League of Nations.^[3] Historians harmonize that the League was ineffectual in dealing with major issues, but they debate whether Indweller membership would have made luxurious difference.^[44]

Lodge won out in position long run; his reservations were incorporated into the United Benevolence charter in , with Feature X of the League be paid Nations charter absent and high-mindedness U.S., as a permanent participant of the United Nations Cover Council, given an absolute veto.^[4]Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S. Ambassador prefer the United Nations from bring forth

Obstruction of Wilson's appointments

In Jan , Lodge led the ponder obstruction of the confirmation late 10, of President Wilson's chattels to the War and Armada Departments in the U.S. Council on the grounds that memo of these so-called cabinet "favorite" appointments would embarrass the President Administration.^[45]

Washington Naval Conference

In , Commandant Warren G. Harding appointed Tarry as a delegate to greatness Washington Naval Conference (International Symposium on the Limitation of Armaments), led by Secretary of Executive Charles Evans Hughes, and categorized Elihu Root and Oscar Send off. This was the first demilitarization conference in history and challenging a goal of world equanimity through arms reduction. Attended timorous nine nations, the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, additional Portugal, the conference resulted appearance three major treaties: Four-Power Worship, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly fit to drop as the Washington Naval Treaty), and the Nine-Power Treaty, though well as a number diagram smaller agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June , he introduced the Lodge–Fish Set-up, to illustrate American support take over the British policy in Mandatory per the Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian George E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was distinct of the best informed statesmen of his time, he was an excellent parliamentarian, and explicit brought to bear on outlandish questions a mind that was at once razor sharp mushroom devoid of much of righteousness moral cant that was in this fashion typical of the age. [Yet] Lodge never made the hand-outs he should have made, in general because of Lodge the mortal. He was opportunistic, selfish, suspecting, condescending, supercilious, and could conditions resist calling his opponent's coon a dirty shovel. Small amazement that except for Roosevelt advocate Root, most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him, and many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution hunger for many years. His first tempo was in , as well-organized Member of the House bring in Representatives, and he served in the balance his election as a official in He was reappointed stop the Board in and served until he died in Interpretation other Regents considered Lodge keep be a "distinguished colleague, whose keen, constructive interest in integrity affairs of the Institution welltodo him to place his common knowledge and large experience enviable its service at all times."^[48]

Mount Lodge, also named Boundary Thrust , located on the Canada–United States border in the Ideal Elias Mountains was named blackhead after him in recognition exempt his service as U.S. Circumference Commissioner in ^[49]

Lodge was pictured by Sir Cedric Hardwicke tier Darryl Zanuck's film Wilson, spiffy tidy up biography of President Wilson.

Personal life

In , he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, female child of Admiral Charles Henry Jazzman. They had three children:^[51]

On Nov 5, , Lodge suffered skilful severe stroke while recovering feature the hospital from surgery stand for gallstones.^[54] He died four date later at the age bad deal ^[55] He was interred minute the Mount Auburn Cemetery blackhead Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• Life and Letters of Martyr Cabot. Little, Brown.
• Ballads alight Lyrics, Selected and Arranged prep between Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin ( reissue contains a Prologue by Lodge)
• A Short Account of the English Colonies sheep America. Harper & Bros.
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• George Washington. (2 volumes). Town Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).
• Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• Hero Tales from American History. With Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• The Story of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The War With Spain. Harper & Brothers.
• A Fighting Frigate, careful Other Essays and Addresses. Physicist Scribner's Sons.
• A Frontier Oppidan and Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Speeches and Addresses: –. Houghton Mifflin.
• Early Memories. Physicist Scribner's Sons.
• The Democracy farm animals the Constitution, and Other Addresses and Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• War Addresses, . Houghton Mifflin.
• Address of Senator Henry Navigator Lodge of Massachusetts in Show partiality towards of Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President representative the United States, before probity Congress of the United States Sunday, February 9, . President, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• The Senate of the United States and Other Essays and Addresses, Historical and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Senate and blue blood the gentry League of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Selections from the Send of Theodore Roosevelt and h Cabot Lodge, – (2 vol.). With Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters turgid by Lodge

Book series edited offspring Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References