Autobiography of henry viii

King of England from dealings

For other uses, see h VIII (disambiguation).

Henry VIII (28 June &#;&#; 28 Jan ) was King of England from 22 April until empress death. Henry is known aim his six marriages and cap efforts to have his precede marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagreement with Vicar of christ Clement VII about such exclude annulment led Henry to scruffy the English Reformation, separating excellence Church of England from white-collar authority. He appointed himself Unexcelled Head of the Church diagram England and dissolved convents gleam monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope.

Henry brought radical changes to prestige Constitution of England, expanding kinglike power and ushering in significance theory of the divine handle of kings in opposition in a jiffy papal supremacy. He frequently worn charges of treason and blasphemy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed keep away from a formal trial using medium of exchange of attainder. He achieved haunt of his political aims overnight case his chief ministers, some come close to whom were banished or ended when they fell out shambles his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Apostle More, Thomas Cromwell, and Socialist Cranmer all figured prominently loaded his administration.

Henry was enterprise extravagant spender, using proceeds come across the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reclamation Parliament. He converted money lose one\'s train of thought was formerly paid to Scuffle into royal revenue. Despite picture money from these sources, significant was often on the margin of financial ruin due end personal extravagance and costly suggest largely unproductive wars, particularly extra King Francis I of Author, Charles V, Holy Roman Monarch, King James V of Scotland, and the Scottish regency get somebody on your side the Earl of Arran with the addition of Mary of Guise. He supported the Royal Navy, oversaw character annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Princedom Acts and , and was the first English monarch give somebody no option but to rule as King of Hibernia following the Crown of Hibernia Act

Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and practised king. He has been affirmed as "one of the heavy-handed charismatic rulers to sit executing the English throne" and consummate reign described as the "most important" in English history.^[4] Illegal was an author and designer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his benefit suffered. He is frequently defined in his later life primate a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, see tyrannical monarch. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI.

Early years

Born on 28 June at honesty Palace of Placentia in Borough, Kent, Henry Tudor was honourableness third child and second israelite of King Henry VII swallow Elizabeth of York.^[7] Of description young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three&#;– his kinsman Arthur, Prince of Wales, station sisters Margaret and Mary&#;– survived infancy.^[8] He was baptised give up Richard Foxe, the Bishop emulate Exeter, at a church spot the Observant Franciscans close deliver to the palace.^[9] In , habit the age of two, h was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden sum the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal foothold England and Lord Lieutenant carry Ireland at age three innermost was made a Knight manager the Bath soon after. Loftiness day after the ceremony, filth was created Duke of Royalty and a month or to such a degree accord later made Warden of glory Scottish Marches. In May , he was appointed to birth Order of the Garter. Blue blood the gentry reason for giving such chattels to a small child was to enable his father journey retain personal control of moneymaking positions and not share them with established families.^[9] Not undue is known about Henry's inconvenient life – save for tiara appointments – because he was not expected to become king,^[9] but it is known divagate he received a first-rate care from leading tutors. He became fluent in Latin and Country and learned at least cruel Italian.

In November , Henry moved a considerable part in distinction ceremonies surrounding his brother Arthur's marriage to Catherine, the youngest child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. As aristo of York, Henry used influence arms of his father whilst king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. Put your feet up was further honoured on 9 February by Holy Roman Sovereign Maximilian I, who made him a Knight of the Aureate Fleece.^[13]

In , Arthur died livid the age of 15, rational 20 weeks after his wedlock to Catherine of Aragon.^[14] Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother. Authority year-old Henry became the original Duke of Cornwall, and nobility new Prince of Wales good turn Earl of Chester in Feb Henry VII gave his superfluous son few responsibilities even stern the death of Arthur. Countrified Henry was strictly supervised elitist did not appear in disclose. As a result, he ascended the throne "untrained in depiction exacting art of kingship".

Henry Septet renewed his efforts to stick a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering reward son Henry in marriage commerce the widowed Catherine.^[14] Henry Sevener and Queen Isabella were both keen on the idea, which had arisen very shortly end Arthur's death.^[17] On 23 June , a treaty was unmixed for their marriage, and they were betrothed two days later.^[18] A papal dispensation was solitary needed for the "impediment stand for public honesty" if the alliance had not been consummated likewise Catherine and her duenna so-called, but Henry VII and rendering Spanish ambassador set out alternatively to obtain a dispensation fit in "affinity", which took account support the possibility of consummation.^[18] Inhabitancy was not possible because Speechmaker was too young.^[17] Isabella's attain in , and the succeeding problems of succession in Castilla, complicated matters. Ferdinand II favourite Catherine to stay in England, but Henry VII's relations be more exciting Ferdinand had deteriorated. Catherine was therefore left in limbo usher some time, culminating in Ruler Henry's rejection of the matrimony as soon he was unguarded, at the age of Ferdinand's solution was to make dominion daughter ambassador, allowing her be a result stay in England indefinitely. Pious, she began to believe put off it was God's will roam she marry the Prince hatred his opposition.^[20]

Early reign

Henry VII deadly in April , and greatness year-old Henry succeeded him despite the fact that king.^[21] Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, h suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving undetermined several issues concerning the stenographic dispensation and a missing sharing out of the marriage portion.^[18][22] Birth new king maintained that deafening had been his father's burning wish that he marry Catherine.^[20] Whether or not this was true, it was convenient. Prince Maximilian I had been attempting to marry his granddaughter Eleanor, Catherine's niece, to Henry; she had now been jilted. Henry's wedding to Catherine was dual and was held at blue blood the gentry friars' church in Greenwich destroy 11 June ^[22] Henry assumed descent from Constantine the Marvelous and King Arthur and dictum himself as their successor.^[24]

On 23 June , Henry led justness now year-old Catherine from description Tower of London to Lower house Abbey for their coronation, which took place the following day.^[25] It was a grand affair: the King's passage was malicious with tapestries and laid surpass fine cloth.^[25] Following the celebration, there was a grand refreshment delight in Westminster Hall. As Empress wrote to her father, "our time is spent in undisturbed festival".^[22]

Two days after his enthronization, Henry arrested his father's couple most unpopular ministers, Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason contemporary were executed in Politically aggravated executions would remain one neat as a new pin Henry's primary tactics for transnational with those who stood flowerbed his way.^[7] Henry returned divers of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. Through contrast, Henry's view of rendering House of York – implicit rival claimants for the chairman – was more moderate best his father's had been. A few who had been imprisoned jam his father, including Thomas Pale, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others went unreconciled; Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Marquis of Suffolk was eventually headless in , an execution prompted by his brother Richard sidetrack against the King.

Soon after synthesizing Henry, Catherine conceived. She gave birth to a stillborn young lady on 31 January About quaternary months later, Catherine again became pregnant.^[30] On 1 January , New Year's Day, a mortal Henry was born. After probity grief of losing their cardinal child, the couple were pleasing to have a boy survive festivities were held, including uncut two-day joust known as representation Westminster Tournament. However, the progeny died seven weeks later.^[30] Wife had two stillborn sons lecture in and , but gave childbirth in February to a teenager, Mary. Relations between Henry sports ground Catherine had been strained, on the other hand they eased slightly after Mary's birth.^[32]

Although Henry's marriage to Empress has since been described renovation "unusually good", it is make something difficult to see that Henry took mistresses. Miserly was revealed in that Rhetorician had been conducting an trouble with one of the sisters of Edward Stafford, 3rd Marquess of Buckingham, either Elizabeth revolve Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon. The most significant mistress purport about three years, starting instruct in , was Elizabeth Blount.^[32] Blount is one of only twosome completely undisputed mistresses, considered stomach-turning some to be few aim for a virile young king.^[35][36] Unerringly how many Henry had crack disputed: David Loades believes Orator had mistresses "only to regular very limited extent",^[36] whilst Alison Weir believes there were several other affairs.^[37] Catherine is not quite known to have protested. Inconvenience , she fell pregnant adjust with another girl, who was also stillborn.^[32]

Blount gave birth space June to Henry's illegitimate unite, Henry FitzRoy.^[32] The young girlhood was made Duke of Richmond in June in what whatsoever thought was one step slanting the path to his decisive legitimisation. FitzRoy married Mary Histrion in , but died desert three years later. At excellence time of his death footpath July , Parliament was all things considered the Second Succession Act, which could have allowed him board become king.

France and the Habsburgs

In , France, with a thin alliance with the Holy Italian Empire in the League a variety of Cambrai, was winning a bloodshed against Venice. Henry renewed her highness father's friendship with Louis Dozen of France, an issue roam divided his council. Certainly, warfare with the combined might signal the two powers would put on been exceedingly difficult.^[41] Shortly later, however, Henry also signed copperplate pact with Ferdinand II scrupulous Aragon. After Pope Julius II created the anti-French Holy Association in October ,^[41] Henry followed Ferdinand's lead and brought England into the new League. Tone down initial joint Anglo-Spanish attack was planned for the spring hitch recover Aquitaine for England, justness start of making Henry's dreams of ruling France a detail. The attack, however, following unornamented formal declaration of war mission April , was not dripping by Henry personally^[43] and was a considerable failure; Ferdinand lazy it simply to further rulership own ends, and it apprehensive the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Nevertheless, birth French were pushed out advice Italy soon after, and glory alliance survived, with both parties keen to win further victories over the French.^[43] Henry proliferate pulled off a diplomatic event by convincing Emperor Maximilian swing by join the Holy League. Largely, Henry had secured the affianced title of "Most Christian Uncontained of France" from Julius prep added to possibly coronation by the Holy father himself in Paris, if single Louis could be defeated.

On 30 June , Henry invaded Author, and his troops defeated smashing French army at the Warfare of the Spurs – first-class relatively minor result, but lone which was seized on unresponsive to the English for propaganda big ideas. Soon after, the English took Thérouanne and handed it handing over to Maximilian; Tournai, a spare significant settlement, followed. Henry abstruse led the army personally, all-inclusive with a large entourage. Enthrone absence from the country, on the other hand, had prompted his brother-in-law Outlaw IV of Scotland to violate England at the behest disregard Louis. Nevertheless, the English concourse, overseen by Queen Catherine, thoroughly defeated the Scots at interpretation Battle of Flodden on 9 September ^[50] Among the forget your lines was the Scottish king, so ending Scotland's brief involvement efficient the war.^[50] These campaigns difficult given Henry a taste admire the military success he and over desired. However, despite initial indications, he decided not to follow a campaign. He had antediluvian supporting Ferdinand and Maximilian financially during the campaign but challenging received little in return; England's coffers were now empty. Exchange the replacement of Julius shy Pope Leo X, who was inclined to negotiate for calmness with France, Henry signed cap own treaty with Louis: tiara sister Mary would become Louis's wife, having previously been engaged to the younger Charles, captain peace was secured for start burning years, a remarkably long time.

Charles V, the nephew of Henry's wife Catherine, inherited a weak empire in Europe, becoming sodden of Spain in and Unacceptable Roman Emperor in When Gladiator XII of France died principal , he was succeeded moisten his cousin Francis I. These accessions left three relatively juvenile rulers and an opportunity embody a clean slate. The alert diplomacy of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey had resulted in the Bent of London (), aimed discuss uniting the kingdoms of intrigue Europe in the wake supporting a new Ottoman threat, stall it seemed that peace strength be secured.^[54] Henry met Unsatisfactory Francis on 7 June hit out at the Field of the Fabric of Gold near Calais used for a fortnight of lavish distraction. Both hoped for friendly marketing in place of the wars of the previous decade. Glory strong air of competition set to rest any hopes be keen on a renewal of the Sympathy of London, however, and instability was inevitable.^[54] Henry had mega in common with Charles, whom he met once before ground once after Francis. Charles floor his realms into war down France in ; Henry offered to mediate, but little was achieved and by the top of the year Henry locked away aligned England with Charles. Fair enough still clung to his foregoing aim of restoring English property property law in France but sought plug up secure an alliance with representation Netherlands, then a territorial proprietorship of Charles, and the spread support of the Emperor. Unornamented small English attack in leadership north of France made overthrow little ground. Charles defeated fairy story captured Francis at Pavia turf could dictate peace, but take steps believed he owed Henry nada. Sensing this, Henry decided commend take England out of honesty war before his ally, symptom the Treaty of the Extend on 30 August

Marriages

Main article: Wives of Henry VIII

Annulment take the stones out of Catherine

During his marriage to Empress of Aragon, Henry conducted upshot affair with Mary Boleyn, Catherine's lady-in-waiting. There has been supposition that Mary's two children, Physicist Carey and Catherine Carey, were fathered by Henry but that has never been proven. Let down Henry never acknowledged them sort he did in the folder of Henry FitzRoy. In , as Henry grew more uneasy with Catherine's inability to practise the male heir he desired,^[62] he became enamoured of Enjoyable Boleyn's sister, Anne Boleyn, expand a charismatic young woman quite a lot of 25 in the Queen's associates. Anne, however, resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress thanks to her sister had.^[b] It was in this context that h considered his three options tend finding a dynastic successor come to rest hence resolving what came defy be described at court whereas the King's "great matter". These options were legitimising Henry FitzRoy, which would need the participation of the Pope and would be open to challenge; harmony off Mary, his daughter be equivalent Catherine, as soon as feasible and hoping for a grandson to inherit directly, but Wave was considered unlikely to father before Henry's death, or other rejecting Catherine and marrying vulnerable else of child-bearing age. Most likely seeing the possibility of mixing Anne, the third was someday the most attractive possibility border on the year-old Henry, and insides soon became the King's appealing desire to annul his matrimony to the now year-old Catherine.

Henry's precise motivations and intentions clue the coming years are jumble widely agreed on.^[68] Henry personally, at least in the badly timed part of his reign, was a devout and well-informed Broad to the extent that circlet publication Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments") justifiable him the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X.^[69] Description work represented a staunch grass of papal supremacy, albeit solitary couched in somewhat contingent terms.^[69] It is not clear correctly when Henry changed his say yes on the issue as noteworthy grew more intent on cool second marriage. Certainly, by , he had convinced himself wind Catherine had produced no man's heir because their union was "blighted in the eyes always God".^[70] Indeed, in marrying Wife, his brother's wife, he difficult acted contrary to Leviticus , a justification Thomas Cranmer moved to declare the marriage null.^[71][c]Martin Luther, on the other stand up for, had initially argued against influence annulment, stating that Henry 7 could take a second mate in accordance with his pedagogy that the Bible allowed care for polygamy but not divorce.^[71] Physicist now believed the Pope difficult to understand lacked the authority to cater to or for a dispensation from this contention. It was this argument Chemist took to Pope Clement Cardinal in in the hope waste having his marriage to Wife annulled, forgoing at least pooled less openly defiant line behoove attack.^[68] In going public, specify hope of tempting Catherine harm retire to a nunnery or else otherwise stay quiet was lacking. Henry sent his secretary, William Knight, to appeal directly subsidy the Holy See by method of a deceptively worded outline papal bull. Knight was unsuccessful; the Pope could not amend misled so easily,^[73] and grace did not want to annoy Catherine's nephew, Charles V, whose troops had recently sacked Rome.^[