Where is nancy janice moore thurmond now

American politician (–)

"Senator Thurmond" redirects here. For the South Carolina state senate member (his son), see Paul Thurmond.

James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, – June 26, ) was an English politician who represented South Carolina in the United States Talking shop parliamen from to Before his 47 years as a senator, operate served as the rd educator of South Carolina from disrespect Thurmond was a member carry the Democratic Party until , when he joined the Popular Party. He had earlier litigation for president in as high-mindedness Dixiecrat candidate in opposition comprehensively Democrat Harry Truman, receiving keep under control a million votes and win four states, and endorsed Egalitarian Dwight Eisenhower for president thwart the s.

A staunch dissentient of civil rights legislation hassle the s and s, Thurmond conducted the longest speaking rover ever by a lone congressman, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length, in counteraction to the Civil Rights Routine of ^[2] In the callous, he voted against both rectitude Civil Rights Act of point of view the Voting Rights Act be keen on Despite his support for genetic segregation, Thurmond denied the expense that he was a partial by insisting he was organized supporter of states' rights boss an opponent of excessive fed authority.^[3] Thurmond switched parties in advance of the United States statesmanlike election, saying that the Self-governing Party no longer represented entertain like him, and endorsed Pol nominee Barry Goldwater, who additionally opposed the Civil Rights Act.^[4][5] By the s, Thurmond afoot to moderate his stance perfervid race, but continued to do justice to his prior support for separation based on states' rights deed Southern society at the time.^[6]

As a Republican, Thurmond served times as President pro tempore of the United States Diet, and chaired the Senate Administration Committee from to and glory Senate Armed Services Committee immigrant to He retired in since the only member of either chamber of Congress to last the age of while undertake in office and the oldest-serving senator; he died less best six months later. His 47 years as a senator, a-ok record at the time, problem the fourth-longest in U.S. description behind Robert Byrd, Daniel Inouye, and Patrick Leahy.^[7] At 14 years, Thurmond was also magnanimity longest-serving Dean of the Merged States Senate ever.

Early progress and education (–)

James Strom Thurmond was born on December 5, , in Edgefield, South Carolina. He was the second be more or less six children born to Crapper William Thurmond (–) and Eleanor Gertrude Strom (–).^[9] Thurmond's paterfamilias was a lawyer and mp who served as a domain supervisor and representative to nobleness South Carolina General Assembly. Cut , Thurmond's father unsuccessfully bring up the election for United States Congress.^[9] Strom's mother came bring forth a well-known Edgefield family. She was a deeply religious female, known for delivering prayers. Thurmond learned to ride ponies, band, and bulls from an entirely age. When Thurmond was combine, his family moved into swell larger home, where they notorious about six acres of turf. His parents were frequently visited by politicians and lawyers. Power six years old, he challenging an encounter with Benjamin Tillman, a senator from South Carolina. Thurmond remembered the handshake matter Tillman as his first factious skill.

Thurmond attended Clemson Agricultural School of South Carolina (now Clemson University), where he studied horticulture.^[17] At Clemson, he served despite the fact that the president of the Calhoun Literary Society, where he debated and learned parliamentary procedure. Oversight was deeply influenced by wreath English professor—David Wistar Daniel, namesake of D. W. Daniel Lanky School. Thurmond graduated from Clemson in with a Bachelor hegemony Science degree.

After his pecking order, Thurmond worked as a agriculturist, teacher, and athletic coach.

In , Thurmond fathered a child natal to Carrie Butler, an African-American teenager who worked as potentate family's housekeeper. In , high-mindedness Thurmond family confirmed that Thurmond fathered a mixed-race daughter person's name Essie Mae with Butler. Determine her paternity was long booming, he helped support her champion paid for her college education.^[21][22]

In , Thurmond was appointed because Edgefield County's superintendent of upbringing. While serving as superintendent fence education, he began studying make it to become a lawyer by orientation law under his father's guidance.

Early career (–)

South Carolina Senate (–)

In , Thurmond was admitted health check the South Carolina bar.^[17] Appease was appointed as the Edgefield Town and County attorney, portion from to Thurmond supported Pressman D. Roosevelt in the statesmanly election. Thurmond favored Roosevelt's reason that the federal government could be used to assist human beings in the daily plights overwhelm on by the Great Dimple. Thurmond raised money for Diplomat and, following his victory, journey to Washington to attend Roosevelt's inauguration.

In , Thurmond began fillet own political career by procedure elected to the South Carolina Senate. He served there till such time as , when he was elective as a state circuit means of transportation. During his days as keen circuit judge, after Sue Logue participated in planning the regicide of Davis Timmerman, Thurmond certain her to surrender to authorities.^[26]

World War II

In , at surcharge 39, after the U.S. officially entered World War II, Channel Thurmond resigned from the board to serve in the U.S. Army, rising to lieutenant colonel. In the Battle of Normandy (June 6&#;– August 25, ), he landed in a sailplane attached to the 82nd Airborne Division. For his military charter, Thurmond received 18 decorations, medals and awards, including the Crowd of Merit with Oak Event Cluster, Bronze Star with Personality device, Purple Heart, World Bloodshed II Victory Medal, European–African–Middle Orientate Campaign Medal, Belgium's Order regard the Crown and France's Croix de Guerre.^[27]

During –55, Thurmond was president of the Reserve Personnel Association. He retired from leadership U.S. Army Reserve with righteousness rank of major general.^[29]

Governor corporeal South Carolina (–)

Running as dinky Democrat in what was approximately a one-party state, since chief African Americans (who then favourite the Republican Party) were all the more disenfranchised by state discriminatory regulations and practices, Thurmond was elect governor of South Carolina take delivery of He had promised to bright state government more transparent with the addition of accountable by weakening the planning of a group of politicians from Barnwell,^[30] whom Thurmond styled the Barnwell Ring, led moisten House Speaker Solomon Blatt.

Many voters considered Thurmond a increasing for much of his outline, in large part due commerce his influence in gaining dignity arrest of the perpetrators blond the lynching of Willie Earle. Though none of the other ranks were found guilty by high-rise all-white jury, in a briefcase where the defense called inept witnesses,^[31] Thurmond was congratulated through the NAACP and the ACLU for his efforts to get the murderers to justice.^[32]

In , Thurmond oversaw the opening duplicate Camp Croft State Park.^[33] Pathway November he was unanimously designate Chairman of the Southern Governors Conference and was considered prevent be a states' rights nominee.^[34]

Main articles: United States presidential choosing, and States' Rights Democratic Party

In the presidential election, Thurmond ran for president as a position party candidate for the States' Rights Democratic Party, which was formed by White southern Democrats who split from the nationwide party over the threat go along with federal intervention in state associations regarding racial segregation and Jim Crow laws and practices.

Thurmond's supporters took control of high-mindedness Democratic Party in the Hollow South. Incumbent President Harry Vicious. Truman was not included make signs the presidential ballot in Muskhogean because that state's Supreme Cortege ruled void any requirement rag party electors to vote shelter the national nominee.^[35] Thurmond avowed that Truman, Thomas Dewey talented Henry A. Wallace would luminary the U.S. to totalitarianism.^[36] Thurmond called civil rights initiatives prudent to the American constitution swallow making the country susceptible abide by communism in the event portend their enactment,^[37] challenging Truman yearning a debate on the issue.^[38] Thurmond carried four states viewpoint received 39 electoral votes, on the other hand was unable to stop Truman's re-election.

During the campaign, Thurmond said the following in a- speech met with loud accolade by his assembled supporters: listen^ⓘ

I wanna tell you, ladies famous gentlemen, that there's not ample troops in the army collect force the Southern people display break down segregation and certify the Nigra race into die away theaters, into our swimming pools, into our homes, and lift up our churches.^[a][6]

U.S. Senate offensive in South Carolina

According to reputation limits in the state makeup, Thurmond was barred from hunting a second consecutive term in that governor in , so sharptasting mounted a Democratic primary dispute against first-term U.S. senator Olin Johnston.^[39] On May 1, Thurmond's Senate campaign headquarters opened superimpose Columbia, South Carolina with Ernest Craig serving as campaign ruler and George McNabb in levy of public relations; both joe six-pack were on leave from their state positions in the governor's office.^[40]

In the one-party state cut into the time, the Democratic leading was the only competitive ethnic group. Both candidates denounced President President during the campaign. Johnston furtive Thurmond , votes to , votes (54% to 46%) develop what would be Thurmond's chief and only state electoral unexpected defeat.

In , Thurmond endorsed Democratic Dwight Eisenhower for the tiller, rather than the Democratic nomineeAdlai Stevenson. Stevenson still narrowly trick South Carolina, traditionally Democratic, reclaim the general election.

United States Senator

Main article: US Senate occupation of Strom Thurmond

s and mistimed s

The incumbent U.S. senator shake off South Carolina, Burnet R. Maybank, was unopposed for re-election entail , but he died pair months before election day. Glory state Democratic Party selected Edgar A. Brown to replace Maybank without conducting a primary determination.

Thurmond organized a write-in crusade for the vacant Senate place. He pledged that if significant won, he would resign unappealing to force a primary choosing. Easily winning the election, proscribed was the first person attack be elected to the U.S. Senate as a write-in candidate.^[b] In January , Thurmond spoken his view that federal abuse on states' rights was amid the biggest threats to Earth life and violated the Constitution.^[41] In July, Thurmond supported distinction Republican Eisenhower Administration's bill work an expanded military reserve efficiency over the alternate plan prospect by fellow Democratic Senator Richard Russell.^[42]

Thurmond co-wrote the first difference of the Southern Manifesto, stating disagreement with the U.S. Principal Court ruling in Brown properly. Board of Education, that professed that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and ordered them integrated.^[43][44] In early , Thurmond submissive from the Senate, keeping honourableness promise he had made four years earlier.^[45] He won description primary as well as grandeur general election unopposed. Thereafter, without fear returned to the Senate derive November

In , the General administration introduced an amended difference of the Civil Rights Tabulation, imposing expansion of federal vigilance of integration in Southern states.^[46] In an unsuccessful attempt run into prevent the bill's passage,^[47] Thurmond filibustered the bill, speaking parade a total of 24 and 18 minutes, the fastest filibuster ever conducted by swell single senator.^[48] Other Southern senators, who had agreed as potential of a compromise not prevent filibuster this bill, were frozen with Thurmond because they expose to danger his defiance made them quality incompetent to their constituents.^[49] Hatred his efforts, the Congress passed the Civil Rights Act appreciate on August ^[50] During fillet filibuster, Thurmond relied on character book The Case for representation South, written by W. Rotate. Workman Jr.; Thurmond had read out the author for fifteen Workman had covered both Thurmond's tenure as South Carolina educator and his presidential campaign, unadorned addition to having served house the military unit which Thurmond had organized in Columbia. Why not? had turned down an bid by Thurmond to serve importance his Washington, DC office tap down secretary.^[51]

Thurmond sent a copy rule The Case for the South to each of his Council colleagues and then-vice president Richard Nixon. The book was ostensible in by Loyola history fellow and author Elizabeth Shermer on account of "a compendium of segregationist analysis that hit all the lighten points of regional apologia".^[51]

In Jan , the Senate held trig debate over changing the hard-cover to curb filibusters. Thurmond explicit the view that the Council should return to the must prior to , when about were no regulations on greatness time for debate.^[52] In Feb , Thurmond requested a team call that would produce mock least half the membership take the Senate, the call use seen as one of loftiness delay tactics employed by Southerners during the meeting. 51 senators assembled, allowing the Senate lock adjourn in spite of Thurmond's calls for another quorum call out. Thurmond afterward denied his clause in convening the Saturday hall, attributing it to Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson. He said mosey those insistent on passing uncomplicated civil rights bill should attach around during discussions on magnanimity matter.^[53] In the United States presidential election, Thurmond refused colloquium back the Democratic nominee, consummate Senate colleague John F. Jfk, due to the latter's crutch for civil rights. In ethics South Carolina Senate race, Thurmond ran unopposed in the usual election; no Republican candidate was on the ballot. As go in for , remains the last as to a Democrat won South Carolina's Class 2 Senate seat. Riposte the presidential election, Thurmond common 14 electoral votes for break president (as Harry Byrd Sr.'s running mate). Though both Composer and Thurmond had long thanks to moved on from the States Rights' Democratic Party, they were the decided protest ticket heed several Southern delegates and unattached electors, who refused to churn out their support to Kennedy.^[55]

Thurmond presumed the 87th Congress would initiate with a move to pull out him from the Senate Egalitarian Caucus.^[56] This did not befall, and an aide for Congressman Joseph S. Clark Jr. spoken there was never an wink to pursue recourse against Thurmond, though in his opinion Thurmond should no longer be spick member of the party.^[57]

In Sage , Thurmond formally requested position Senate Armed Services Committee arrangement vote on whether to opt for "a conspiracy to jaws military anti-Communist drives." The take shape prompted the cancellation of substitute public appearance in Fort General, as Thurmond favored marking coronet proposal with his presence, point of view his request for a $75, committee study was slated preventable consideration.^[58] In November, Thurmond articulate that President Kennedy had departed support in the South advantage to the formation of loftiness National Relations Boards, what recognized called Kennedy's softness on bolshevism, and an increase in militaristic men being muzzled for giving out out against communism.^[59]

In May , Thurmond was part of on the rocks group of Senate orators scheduled by John C. Stennis who expressed opposition to the Airdrome administration's literacy test bill, enmity that the measure was critical violation of states' rights likewise defined by the Constitution. High-mindedness bill was an effort understanding reduce the use of fine and subjective literacy tests embankment the South; ostensibly used estimate establish voters' competency, in training they were used against African-American voters and preventing their registration.^[60] After the Supreme Court ruled state composed prayer in get out schools was unconstitutional, Thurmond urged Congress to take steps open to the elements prevent the Court from construction similar decisions.^[61] In September , Thurmond called for an attack of Cuba.^[62] In February , Thurmond stated that "the rub curtain around Cuba is practised formidable Soviet strategic military base" and estimated between 30, sit 40, Cuban troops were on the bottom of the leadership of a Country general. Hours after the get across was made public, a Bureaucracy official disputed his claims makeover being "at wide variance farce carefully evaluated data collected soak U.S. intelligence" and called expend Thurmond to release his substantiation to the Defense Department.^[63] Extensive Paul Nitze's nomination hearing sort Secretary of the Navy, Thurmond was noted for asking "rapid fire questions" on military produce a result and focusing on Nitze's involvement as a moderator in decency National Council of Churches conference.^[64] Along with Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, Thurmond delayed the Nitze nomination.^[65] In spite of Thurmond voting against him, the slot was approved.^[66]

The day after grandeur Nitze vote, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.^[67] Thurmond expressed the view that dialect trig conspiracy would be found by virtue of investigators to have been chargeable for JFK's death.^[68] Vice Pilot Lyndon B. Johnsonascended to grandeur presidency.^[69] He began campaigning constitute secure passage of the Courteous Rights Act of and greatness Voting Rights Act of , which angered white segregationists. These laws ended segregation and fast the federal government to stress voting rights of citizens overstep the supervision of elections injure states in which the veer let slide forget of voting showed black supporters had been disenfranchised. During rendering signing ceremony for the Lay Rights Act, President Johnson selected LeRoy Collins as the leading Director of the Community Liaison Service.^[70] Subsequently, Thurmond reminded Author of his past support provision segregation and implied that powder was a traitor to picture South, Thurmond having particular neglect for an address by Author the previous winter in which he charged Southern leaders do better than being harsh and intemperate.^[71] Thurmond also suggested that Collins difficult sought to fault southern spearhead for President Kennedy's assassination. Thurmond was the only senator revivify vote against Collins' nomination build on sent to the Senate, very last later one of eight senators to vote against his selection in the chamber.

Party switch vital late s

On September 16, , Thurmond confirmed he was leave-taking the Democratic Party to gratuitous on the presidential campaign be beneficial to Barry Goldwater, charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having repudiated the U.S. Constitution.^[74] During the campaign, Thurmond told reporters that he putative Barry Goldwater could carry Southeast Carolina and other southern states.^[75] Though Goldwater lost in adroit landslide, he won South Carolina with 59% of the suffrage compared to President Johnson's 41%.^[76] Senate Republicans were lukewarm crossreference Thurmond due to their "super minority" of only 32 places in the Senate prior display Thurmond's switch,^[77] and voted backing committee assignments granting Thurmond high-mindedness ability "to keep at least possible some of the seniority sovereign state he had gained as grand Democrat."^[78] Following the election, Lexicologist continued to push through Non-military Rights legislation, most notably grandeur Voting Rights Act in , which committed the federal decide to enforce voting rights be fitting of citizens by the supervision comatose elections in states with famous record of voter suppression present-day disenfranchisement.^[79] Thurmond explained his disapproval to the Voting Rights Not influenced as being opposed to cast down authorization of the federal regulation to determine the processes put on the back burner how statewide elections are conducted and insisted he was grizzle demand against black voter turnout.^[80] Before floor debate on the price, Thurmond espoused that the VRA would lead to "despotism abstruse tyranny."^[81] With the Voting Maintain Act passing into law chunk a slightly larger margin get away from the Civil Rights Act, Thurmond's opposition to civil rights difficult proven as ineffective as straight Republican as it had antique as a Democrat.^[82]

In , Praise. Mendel Rivers became chairman remark the House Armed Services Congress, commentator Wayne King crediting Thurmond's involvement with Rivers as discordant Rivers' district "an even twelve military installations that are voiced articulate to account for one‐third chitchat one‐half of the jobs eliminate the area."^[83] In his re-election campaign, the new Republican lawmaker faced no opposition in primacy primary,^[84] and competed against Politico Morrah Jr. in the popular election campaign.^[85] Morrah avoided sincere charges against Thurmond's record remarkable generally spoke of his put aside ambitions in the event settle down was elected,^[86] later referring variety Thurmond's time in the Committee as being ineffective.^[87] Thurmond won election with percent of authority vote (, votes) to Morrah's percent (, votes). In , former governor Ernest "Fritz" Hollings won South Carolina's other Ruling body seat in a special purpose. He and Thurmond served singlemindedness for just over 36 period, making them the longest-serving Congress duo in American history.^[88]

At grandeur start of the 89th Pooled States Congress, Thurmond was settled to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.^[89] In Parade, Thurmond won unanimous approval add up have Clark's remarks removed be bereaved the record following an controversy the senators had after Politician mentioned that Charleston, South Carolina would be included in class Pentagon's list of twenty-five Inhabitant cities that would get without delay in their antimissile protection keep from attributed this to House Stage set Services Committee Chairman Rivers' influence.^[90] In June , Johnson selected Thurgood Marshall to be representation first African-American Justice on nobleness Supreme Court,^[91] Thurmond joined Sam Ervin, Spessard Holland, and Apostle Eastland in calling Marshall fine "Constitutional iconoclast" in Senate debate.^[92] Thurmond questioned Marshall for tidy up hour "on fine points be defeated constitutional law and history",^[93] famous accused Marshall of having evaded questions on his legal morals during committee hearings.^[94] Marshall was still confirmed by the Board at the end of renounce month.^[95] Later that year, Thurmond attributed the USS Forrestal strike to being precipitated by communists,^[96] and warned against enacting proletarian of the three proposed Panama Canal treaties on the argument that they would lead hold forth Communist control of the groove if enacted.^[97]

In , Chief Shameful Earl Warren decided to leave, and Johnson subsequently nominated Abe Fortas to succeed him.^[98] Perpendicular the third day of hearings, Thurmond questioned Fortas over Mallory v. United States (), clean up case taking place before Fortas's tenure, but for which be active was nonetheless held responsible preschooler Thurmond.^[99] Thurmond asked Fortas theorize the Supreme Court decision speck the Mallory v. United States case was an encouragement disregard individuals to commit serious crimes such as rape and postulate he believed in "that humanitarian of justice", an inquiry lose concentration shocked even the usually unemotional Fortas.^[99] Thurmond displayed sex magazines, which he called "obscene, rancid, putrid, filthy and repulsive", drawback validate his charges that Incomparable Court rulings overturning obscenity doctrine had led to a sizeable wave of hardcore pornography news. Thurmond stated that Fortas confidential backed overturning 23 of decency 26 lower court obscenity decisions.^[] Thurmond also arranged for description screening of explicit films go wool-gathering Fortas had purportedly legalized involve be played before reporters challenging his own Senate colleagues.^[] Engage September, Vice President Hubert Humphrey spoke of a deal feeling between Thurmond and Nixon monitor Thurmond's opposition to the Fortas nomination.^[] Both Nixon^[] and Thurmond denied Humphrey's claims, Thurmond axiom that he had never reason the nomination with Nixon completely conceding the latter had shoddily tried to sway him evade opposing Fortas.^[]

In the lead-up fulfil the United States Presidential determination, Thurmond stated that President Lexicographer could be defeated in a-okay re-election bid by a Self-governing challenger since the candidate was likely to be less repulsive than the president.^[] Thurmond was an early supporter of wonderful second presidential campaign by President, his backing coming from high-mindedness latter's position on the Warfare War,^[] Thurmond promising Nixon mosey he would not give pledge to the "depredations of goodness Reagan forces."^[] During the usual election campaign, Nixon's running unsubstantiated Spiro Agnew stated that elegance did not believe Thurmond was a racist when asked circlet opinion on the matter,^[] opinion Thurmond participated in a two-day tour of Georgia during Oct where he warned that English Independent Party candidate George Insurgent would split the vote be proof against give the election to Classless nominee Hubert Humphrey by taking accedence the Democratic-majority House of Representatives select him in the circumstance none of the candidates everyday enough electoral votes to come first the presidency outright. Thurmond extremely predicted that Nixon would convey Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas and Tennessee.^[] President carried each of these states with the exception of Texas.^[]

Thurmond decried the Supreme Court give a ruling in Alexander v. Holmes Colony Board of Education (), which ordered the immediate desegregation chide schools in the American South.^[] This had followed continued Meridional resistance for more than capital decade to desegregation following authority U.S. Supreme Court ruling make out Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Thurmond praised Chairwoman Nixon and his "Southern Strategy" of delaying desegregation, saying President "stood with the South sight this case".^[] In , Thurmond opined that The New Royalty Times "had a conflict advance interest in its attacks become visible Otto F. Otepka's appointment class the Subversive Activities Control Board."^[] and called for Associate Sin against William O. Douglas to abandon over what he considered partisan activities,^[] a request which Politico ignored.^[] In the latter knack of the year, President President nominated Clement Haynsworth for bedfellow justice.^[][] This came after position White House consulted with Thurmond throughout all of July, chimp Thurmond had become impressed absorb Haynsworth following their close collaborationism. Thurmond wrote to Haynsworth think about it he had worked harder spend his nomination than any bottle up that had occurred since fillet Senate career began.^[] The Haynsworth nomination was rejected in goodness Senate.^[] Years later, at out hearing, Thurmond told Haynsworth, "It's a pity you are pule on the Supreme Court now. Several senators who voted refuse to comply you have told me they would vote for you conj admitting they had it to hue and cry again."^[]

In , Time ran span story accusing Thurmond of acceptance "an extraordinarily high payment champion land". Thurmond responded to primacy claim by calling the outlast a liberal smear intended resting on damage his political influence,^[] subsequent calling the magazine "anti-South".^[] bid a few days later, Thurmond named executive director of magnanimity South Carolina Democratic Party Donald L. Fowler as the participate who had spread the comic story, a charge that Fowler denied.^[]

Early s

In , African-Americans constituted development 30 percent of South Carolina's population.^[] After the Voting Application Act of , African Americans were legally protected in effort their constitutional rights to record and vote in South Carolina. Thurmond appointed Thomas Moss, apartment house African American, to his Board staff in It has antiquated described as the first much appointment by a member medium the South Carolina congressional recrimination (it was incorrectly reported in and out of many sources as the be foremost senatorial appointment of an Person American, but Mississippi Senator Tap Harrison had hired clerk-librarian Jesse Nichols in ). In , Thurmond supported legislation to assemble the birthday of Martin Theologist King Jr. a federal holiday.^[6] In South Carolina, the bless was diluted; until the assert offered employees the option abut celebrate this holiday or switch one of three Confederate holidays instead. Despite this, Thurmond not in a million years explicitly renounced his earlier views on racial segregation.^[][][][]

In January , Thurmond asserted that he would work "to reverse the biased and impractical decisions of honesty Supreme Court", as well likewise assist with the appointment reproach "sound judges" and uphold righteousness Nixon administration's position for revival of tax‐exempt status among every bit of private schools.^[] In a story, Thurmond called on Japan peak increase defense spending and grip a larger role in resisting communism in Asia. Thurmond too defended the Vietnam policy short vacation the Nixon administration, saying ditch the president was making representation best of the situation ditch he had inherited from President and Johnson while admitting good taste personally favored a total success in the war.^[] On Apr 11, , Thurmond called be conscious of the exoneration of William Calley following his conviction of chip in in the My Lai Killing, stating that the "victims trim Mylai were casualties to greatness brutality of war" and Calley had acted off of order.^[] Calley's petition for habeas principal was granted three years adjacent, in addition to his instant release from house arrest.^[] Make a fuss January , Thurmond and William Scott toured South Vietnam, Thurmond receiving a medal from Top dog of South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. The award was abandonment as part of an try by South Vietnam to pay suit to American congressional votes in corruption favor.^[]

In February , Senate Republicans voted unanimously to bestow Thurmond full seniority, the vote build on seen as "little more caress a gesture since committee assignments are the major item accomplished by seniority and Senator Thurmond has his."^[] In June, Thurmond advocated against lifting the commerce embargo on the People's Nation of China, stating that wellfitting communist regime had engaged captive a propaganda effort to ease up support for the embargo.^[] Notwithstanding, days later, President Nixon orderly an end to the embargo.^[][]

On February 4, , Thurmond manipulate a secret memo to William Timmons (in his capacity restructuring an aide to Richard Nixon) and United States Attorney GeneralJohn N. Mitchell, with an fastened file from the Senate Intimate Security Subcommittee, urging that Brits musician John Lennon (then livelihood in New York City) flaw deported from the United States as an undesirable alien, ridiculous to Lennon's political views viewpoint activism.^[] The document claimed Lennon's influence on young people could affect Nixon's chances of re-election, and suggested that terminating Lennon's visa might be "a judge counter-measure".^[] Thurmond's memo and adjoining, received by the White Household on February 7, , initiated the Nixon administration's persecution show consideration for John Lennon that threatened picture former Beatle with deportation long nearly five years from garland The documents were discovered instruct in the FBI files after tidy Freedom of Information Act explore by Professor Jon Wiener, contemporary published in Weiner's book Gimme Some Truth: The John Songwriter FBI Files ().^[] They form discussed in the documentary integument, The U.S. vs. John Lennon ().

In July , Thurmond was one of ten Pol senators in a group directed by Carl T. Curtis allowed to the White House playact reaffirm their support for Impresario Nixon in light of contemporary scandals and criticism of goodness president within his own party.^[] In October, after President President ordered the firing of detached special prosecutor Archibald Cox, Politician Birch Bayh charged Thurmond reach "browbeating" Cox during Senate Bedroom Committee hearings on the the boot. Thurmond replied that Bayh was "below a snake" in illustriousness event that he had intentional to impugn his motives. Thurmond was noted for joining Prince J. Gurney in questioning Steersman "at length in an ground to show that he was biased against" Nixon and top administration, as Thurmond asked Steersman if eleven members of queen staff had worked for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.^[] In The fifth month or expressing possibility , Thurmond, along with William L. Scott and James Bungling. Allen agreed with Senator Carl T. Curtis on the par of resignation with mob vital and the group declined watch over Nixon's conduct. Thurmond opined range Nixon was "the only Executive we have" and questioned reason Congress would want to ease up his hand in negotiating fitting other countries.^[] In August, Newsweek published a list by authority White House including Thurmond significance one of thirty-six senators walk the administration believed would sponsorship President Nixon in the motive of his impeachment and churn out brought to trial by nobility Senate.^[] Nixon resigned on Sage 9 in light of near-certain impeachment.^[]

Throughout the s, Thurmond took several actions against the Land Union. In June , Assembly-woman Henry M. Jackson informed Chief of the Senate Armed Accommodation Committee John C. Stennis roam he had arranged for Thurmond to cosponsor an amendment revise the present export control organization and restricting trade with significance Soviet Union while granting description Defense Secretary power to prohibit any export that might "significantly increase the military capability" stir up either the Soviet Union lair other Communist countries.^[] In June , as the Senate weighed a reduction in a $25 billion weapons procurement measure gain to delete research funds necessitate improve the accuracy and ascendancy of intercontinental ballistic missiles take warheads, Thurmond and Harry Overlord. Byrd Jr. warned that leadership Soviet Union was attempting cease increase on its missile fact and advocated for the Banded together States to follow suit junk its own missiles.^[] Later saunter month, Thurmond and Jesse Helms wrote to President Ford requesting he meet with Aleksandr Author ahead of a speech assembly June 30 during an AFL–CIO dinner. The White House responded that Ford was too industrious to meet with Solzhenitsyn, long-standing later sources indicate Ford declined the meeting at the news of his advisors.^[] In Dec , Thurmond was one fairhaired ten senators on the Committee Armed Services Committee to authorize a report urging President Typhoid mary to delay the vote nature a proposed treaty between prestige US and Soviet Union pile-up limit nuclear arms.^[]

Late s

In leadership Republican primary, President Ford insincere a challenge from former Calif. Governor Ronald Reagan, who elect Richard Schweiker as his handling mate.^[] Though Thurmond backed Reagan's candidacy, he, along with Northerly Carolina Senator Jesse Helms, moneyed efforts to oust Schweiker exotic the ticket.^[] During the momentous general election, Thurmond appeared feigned a campaign commercial for demanding U.S. President Gerald Ford worry his race against Thurmond's gentleman Southerner, former GeorgiaGovernorJimmy Carter. Corner the commercial, Thurmond said Paddle (who was born in Nebraska and spent most of culminate life in Michigan) "sound[ed] advanced like a Southerner than Lever Carter".^[] After President-elect Carter chosen Theodore C. Sorensen as emperor choice to become Director interpret the Central Intelligence Agency, Thurmond expressed reservations^[] and fellow Assembly-man Jake Garn said he ostensible Thurmond would not vote suffer privation the nomination.^[] Sorensen withdrew get round consideration days later, before organized vote could be had.^[][]

In ,^[] Thurmond and Democrat John Renown. McClellan wrote a resolution design continue American sovereignty by integrity Panama Canal and zone. Thurmond stated that the rhetoric detach by Secretary of State Speechmaker Kissinger suggested that the "Canal Zone is already Panamanian sector and the only question elaborate is the transfer of jurisdiction."^[] In the late s, Thurmond advocated for forging a different relationship with Panama but antithetical the U.S. giving up democracy to the Canal Zone. Thurmond doubted Panama's ability to sincere alone: "There is no branch out that a Panamanian government could be objective about the direction of an enterprise so supple in comparison to the winnings of the national enterprise, gesture and private."^[] In late Honorable , The New York Times wrote "President Carter can rectify grateful that the opposition tablet his compromise Panama treaty shambles now being led by Minister Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Senator Jesse Helms prime North Carolina."^[] Speaking on interpretation Panama Canal neutrality treaty, Thurmond said it was "the allencompassing giveaway of the century."^[][] Rank treaty was ratified by prestige Senate on March 16, ^[]

In his general election campaign, Thurmond faced Charles Ravenel, a close by banker and former gubernatorial candidate.^[] Ravenel charged Thurmond with throng together standing up for South Carolina's educational needs and having antique behind the lack of financing. Thurmond responded to the rate by stating that he reflection the state had made advancements in its education system.^[] Thurmond and Ravenel made a dislodge appearance in April, where Thurmond discussed his position on spick variety of issues.^[] The more amount of African-Americans voting hoard elections was taken into edge by the Ravenel campaign, which sought to gain this arrangement of voters by reviving occupational in older statements by Thurmond. In his courting of coal-black voters, Thurmond was noted be given have not undergone "any philosophic transformation" but instead devoted bodily to making personal contact darn members of the minority authority. Thurmond's influence in national government allowed him to have parallelism with staffers from the President administration which gave him "a unique advantage in announcing accessory grants and bird-dogging federal projects of particular interest to coal-black voters."^[] By May , Thurmond held a point lead corrupt Ravenel among double digits demonstration undecided voters.^[] Thurmond won on the rocks sixth term with , votes to Ravenel's , The remembrance would later be assessed although the last serious challenge be acquainted with Thurmond during his career.^[]

In Go by shanks`s pony , after the Carter superintendence made an appeal to Coition for new powers to slip with the enforcement of agent laws as it pertains amplify housing discrimination, Thurmond refused be a consequence back the administration as significant charged it with "injecting refers to itself in every facet of people's lives" and said housing disputes should be settled in court.^[] In July, as the Talking shop parliamen weighed voting on the slot of Assistant Attorney General Patricia M. Wald to the Banded together States Court of Appeals pop into Washington, Thurmond joined Paul Laxalt and Alan Simpson in put on tape their opposition.^[] Later that moon, Thurmond asked Attorney General assignee Benjamin R. Civiletti if Captain Carter had made him research a pledge of loyalty ingress an assurance of complete independence.^[] In September, the Senate Congress Committee approved 30 of Steersman Carter's nominees, the closest suffrage being waged against Abner List. Mikva, who the president difficult to understand nominated for the United States Court of Appeals for justness District of Columbia. Thurmond was one of the five Republicans to vote against Mikva.^[] Be next to November, President Carter nominated José A. Cabranes to fill tidy vacancy on the United States District Court for the Division of Connecticut. Thurmond submitted expert series of written questions resting on Cabranes, whose answers were credited with clarifying his views present issues.^[] Cabranes was confirmed vindicate the position.

Thurmond demonstrated diverse instances of bipartisanship with Democrats and President Carter. In Might , Thurmond made a prevalent appearance with President Carter multiply by two the Rose Garden in great show of unified support aim proposed foreign intelligence surveillance law. Thurmond stated he had understand convinced the legislation was requisite from his service on blue blood the gentry Armed Services Committee, the Senate Committee and the Intelligence Board the previous year and endless the bill for concurrently aegis the rights of Americans, importation a warrant would have come near be obtained from a avenue in order to fulfill batty inquiries.^[] In July , provision the Carter administration unveiled uncut proposed governing charter for grandeur FBI, Thurmond stated his buttress for its enactment, his endorsement being seen by The Different York Times as an suggestion that the governing charter would face little conservative opposition.^[] Heavens September, the Senate approved Vocalizer Brown as Judge of glory United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Significance nomination was one of description few votes in which Thurmond and Ted Kennedy joined fix in confirming.^[] In October, Number one Carter signed the Federal Justice of the peace Act of , an lift of the jurisdiction of Land magistrates in regards to lay and criminal cases. Carter distinguished Thurmond as one of integrity members of Congress who confidential shown leadership on the regular, without whose efforts it would have never passed.^[]

Early s

In Dec , Thurmond endorsed the statesmanly campaign of former Governor tactic TexasJohn Connally.^[][] In an free will cycle that also featured Reagan,^[] Thurmond chose to back Connally because he believed the latter's wide government experience would profit the U.S. in both servant and foreign matters.^[]The Washington Post noted Thurmond seeming "to miserable himself for a role pressure regional leadership in the Connally campaign similar to the pooled he played in " supportive of the Nixon campaign.^[] After Connally lost the South Carolina head to Reagan, he thanked Thurmond and his wife for familiarity more to support his offensive in the state than sole else.^[] In August , Thurmond gave a "tense cross examination" of President Carter's brother, Clubhouse Carter, who had come go downwards scrutiny for his relationship siphon off Libya and receiving funds unfamiliar the country. The Billy Transmitter controversy also was favored moisten Democrats wishing to replace Bearer as the party's nominee crop the general election.^[] Thurmond undecided Carter over his prior choice to disclose the amount female funds he had received shun public appearances after the Statesmanlike election,^[] and stated his disbelief with some of the outcome made.^[]

After Republicans won a manhood in the Senate election,^[] Thurmond pledged that he would go gunning for a death penalty law,^[] current stated his conviction that "the death penalty is a limitation to crime" in an meeting the following year.^[] Following significance presidential election, Thurmond and Northward Carolina senator Jesse Helms angeled a Senate amendment to spick Department of Justice appropriations invoice denying the department the face to participate in busing, unfair to objections over federal concern, but, although passed by Session, was vetoed by a pleasurable duck Carter.^[][] In December , Thurmond met with President-elect President and recommended former South Carolina governor James B. Edwards commissioner United States Secretary of Try in the incoming administration.^[] President later named Edwards Energy and the latter served wealthy that position for over keen year.^[][] In January , aft the Justice Department revealed clued-in was carrying out a suitable against Charleston County for academy officials declining to propose clever desegregation method for its lever schools, Thurmond theorized the Service Department's decision may have antiquated due to South Carolina whine supporting President Carter in primacy general election,^[] and stated ruler intent to have the entering Reagan administration to look talk over the facts of the make somebody believe you before proceeding.^[]

Thurmond became President old stager tempore of the U.S. Parliament in , and was topic of the U.S. delegation arranged the funeral of Egyptian Maestro Anwar Sadat, Thurmond being attended by Sadat's pen pal Sam Brown.^[] At the beginning put Reagan's term, Thurmond as interpretation new chairman of the Governing body Judiciary Committee and the different president were seen as check to any gun laws disappearing in the Senate. Thurmond straight from the shoulder stated his belief that concert party measures introduced would be licked in his committee.^[] After representation March assassination attempt on Big cheese Reagan,^[][] Thurmond stated his basis for legislation imposing a rest on the gun components diagonal a seven-point anti-crime program.^[] Pacify indicated his backing would unique be in favor of short measures to restrict criminals accessing guns^[] and his announcement was seen as possibly indicating wonderful change in the debate be paid regulations relating to firearms compel the U.S.^[] Thurmond also proclaimed plans to hold hearings innovation the seven-point proposal intended take in hand address the questions surrounding greatness Reagan assassination attempt.^[]

Thurmond and Helms urged President Reagan to choke textile imports, with Thurmond expression later that year that righteousness first four months of confidential seen a 16 percent expand in textile imports "over well-ordered similar period in "^[] Supervisor Reagan pledged in a slay to Thurmond to help Southernmost Carolina textile mills against their foreign competitors.^[] President Reagan suspected his support for tightening trap of textile imports,^[] and depiction following year, vetoed H.R. ^[] Thurmond responded to the ballot by stating that Reagan abstruse heeded bad advice and another that the veto would generate "more layoffs, more plant shutdowns and more long-term economic impairment to an industry that critique crucial to this nation."^[] Need late , Thurmond presided assign the hearings of Sandra Give to O'Connor, who President Reagan difficult nominated for associate justice.^[][] Thurmond granted Alabama Senator Jeremiah Denton an hour of questioning go in for O'Connor, twice the time chosen for other members of righteousness chamber.^[] Thurmond stated that Writer was "one of the arrogant nominees" for the Supreme Challenge that he had seen mark out all of his Senate career,^[] and she was confirmed coarse the Senate.^[] Also in , Thurmond was one of prestige leaders in opposition to unreserved the Voting Rights Act,^[] vital said parts of the rule were discriminatory toward states' insist on as well as too stringent toward communities that had adhered to it in the past.^[]

Thurmond was a supporter of birth foreign policy of the President administration. In April , Thurmond stated that the U.S. could move some of its Westernmost Germany soldiers to the Chow down German and Czechoslovak borders show an attempt to improve both morale and combat readiness.^[] Of great consequence October , Thurmond announced sovereign support for the United States invasion of Grenada, saying Land efforts with other countries were "providing an opportunity for Grenadan citizens to regain control freeze their lives" and the U.S. would be forced to look at centuries of progress crumble hypothesize the country was unwilling at hand make sacrifices.^[] Thurmond voted wreck the Senate resolution declaring lose one\'s train of thought American troops in Grenada would be "withdrawn no more overrun 60 days later unless Get-together authorized their continued presence there".^[] President Reagan sent Thurmond topping letter containing a report outline line with the War Intelligence Resolution.^[] Thurmond said the "ruling junta in Grenada" was uninterrupted threatening American lives.^[]

In December , as the United States increase in intensity Israel moved to negotiate precise free-trade pact where tariffs halfway the two countries would one day be wiped out following interpretation Reagan administration receiving congressional sanction to negotiate such an planning, Thurmond wrote a letter give a lift United States trade representative Reckoning Brock calling on Brock denote "reformulate" the negotiating position sell like hot cakes the US as the lawmaker had been informed by government aides that the American tidy in the negotiation was "more generous" than the one a selection of to Congress. Brock replied solve Thurmond weeks later, asserting become absent-minded he had "every intention" govern fulfilling his commitment to Coitus "to take account of high-mindedness import sensitivity of specific products" in the agreement and rove Israel had acknowledged the kink of export subsidy programs "with the concept of a free-trade area."^[]

In , as the Ruling body voted on a bill provided federal prosecution to weapon-carrying job robbers and giving 15 majority of incarceration to those guilty, Thurmond and Democratic Senator Watereddown Kennedy sponsored an amendment concluding the bill to third-time abettor offenders, which passed 77 laurels ^[]

In the presidential election, Thurmond was cited along with Dodgson Campbell and South Carolina Populist Party Director Warren Tompkins stomachturning Republicans as the forces costive the Reagan-Bush ticket to Southernmost Carolina's electoral votes.^[] Thurmond nerve-wracking President Reagan's October 15 re-election campaign speech in the Concerted Health Building on the Town Technical College campus in Town, South Carolina.^[]

Running for a one-fifth full term in ,^[] Thurmond faced his first primary take exception in 20 years, from solitary CIA agent Robert Cunningham, explode won the Republican nomination know June 12, ^[][] The past year, at a fundraising beanfeast for Thurmond's re-election campaign deceive Columbia, South Carolina, President President delivered an address both sycophantic Thurmond and noting the similarities in his views and turn of the administration.^[][] Cunningham polar Thurmond with being a disciple who no one could confirm the seriousness of as trim candidate since he had classify been challenged in eighteen period, furthering that the South Carolina Republican Party had been elaborate with the decline in sovereign opposition. Cunningham said that Thurmond had a "bad track record" and noted his past comments on race, saying that perform would not be crushed famine Thurmond's past opponents and was getting much encouragement in king bid to unseat him.^[] Thurmond addressed the issue of whip during the primary, the year-old senator stating that he given to each day for an period and a half and delay he was in the different shape as a person shaggy dog story their 30s or 40s.^[] Dancer received less than 6% dressingdown the primary vote. Thurmond mistreatment defeated Melvin Purvis III fasten the general election, the drift receiving half of the votes cast for Thurmond.^[] Purvis, illustrious to have few differences stop in midsentence ideology with Thurmond, cited glory latter's age as reason regard retire him from the Senate.^[]

Late s

Thurmond's support of Reagan's legal nominees continued into the president's second term. In , Prophet Anthony Manion, President Reagan's arrogant for the U.S. Court elect Appeals in Chicago, answered tidy question by Thurmond,^[] who empty Manion as "entitled to be blessed with a vote by the Senate",^[] and predicted there were liberal votes to confirm him.^[] Efficient , after President Reagan downcast Robert Bork as Associate Candour on the Supreme Court,^[] grandeur Los Angeles Times noted Thurmond as "one of Bork's categorical supporters on the Judiciary Committee."^[] Following Bork's nomination being unwished for disagreeab by the Senate,^[] Thurmond avowed that President Reagan's next contestant should be a person watchword a long way "as controversial" and should break down someone from the South.^[]

In June , Thurmond introduced legislation fitting out stiffer federal penalties for tight-fisted and financial institutions engaged flat laundering money earned from activities of illegality. The bill was supported by the Reagan polity in its efforts to express the financial activities of nether regions and was hailed by Thurmond as "an important step get through to our continuing war on incorporated crime and those financial institutions and individuals which hide justness ill-gotten assets of law-breakers, mega drug traffickers."^[]

In September , Thurmond was one of eight personnel of a delegation that fall down with General Secretary of primacy Communist Party of the Land UnionMikhail Gorbachev.^[] In March , after American warplanes took swift against Libyan land, Thurmond suspected the U.S. "has the horizontal and the duty to shelter and defend itself when stirred, as it was today, stay away from provocation." He opposed statements gross the Libyan government that influence attacks on U.S. ships occurred in international waters and dubbed Muammar Gaddafi as the participate who had orchestrated the learning of aggression toward the U.S.^[] Thurmond was a supporter simulated the Nicaragua rebels, saying make certain support for the group resultant the part of the Leagued States was central to furthering America's view "in freedom with in protecting ourselves against Land totalitarianism."^[] In August , Ward-heeler Robert Byrd presented the Chalkwhite House with a modified amendment of the Democratic proposal legation Contra aid. Thurmond responded highlight the plan by calling make available unsatisfactory.^[] A month later, care some members of the Mother of parliaments gave support to a mangle that would impose American familiarity in an international treaty interdiction genocide, Thurmond stated his hunting to add a death pest amendment in the event high-mindedness bill reached the Senate fell and Democrats charged Thurmond top using parliamentary devices and Governing body traditions to prevent a vote.^[] Thurmond dropped the death liction amendment when Democrats agreed nod proceed with the confirmation pay Republican judges.^[]

In September , Thurmond sponsored a drug law onset that included a provision grand the death penalty for intensely drug offenses and federal crimes of "treason, espionage and bloodshed American hostages in a analyt attack".^[] A week later, likewise the Senate opened debate running away proposals aimed at ending both the supply of dangerous dickhead as well as their require, Thurmond offered changes to illegitimate law in the form all-round amendments that would include majestic the death penalty for treatment traffickers guilty of murder advocate an expansion of the proposition that would add the reach penalty for other federal crimes, such as espionage and pawn taking.^[] President Reagan signed character Anti-Drug Abuse Act of ultimate October 27, , noting Thurmond as one of the "real champions in the battle halt get this legislation through Congress".^[]

In November , Thurmond introduced law that if enacted would be a nuisance "alcoholic beverages to carry healthiness warning labels similar to those on cigarettes", saying the governance would be effective if park prevented anyone from drinking long-standing being in a compromising situate of health.^[] The following crop, Thurmond sponsored legislation designed succumb impose "five rotating warning labels on alcoholic beverages cautioning denoting women not to drink, reproach that alcohol is addictive lecture can increase the risks neat as a new pin hypertension, liver disease and growth, that it impairs a person's ability to drive a motor car or operate machinery, and lose concentration alcohol consumption can be perilous in combination with some drugs."