Nasab al hallaj biography

al-Hallaj

Persian an al haq, poet leading Sufi teacher (c–)

"Hallaj" redirects adjacent to. For places in Iran, have a view over Hallaj, Iran.

al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallāj

The execution of Mansur al-Hallaj (manuscript illustration from Mughal Empire, c. )[1]

Bornc. CE

Fars, Abbasid Caliphate
(present-day Iran)

DiedMarch 26, () (aged&#;63–64) CE[2]

Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
(present-day Iraq)

EraAbbasid
ReligionIslam
CreedSunni[3][4]

Influenced

  • Hafiz Shirazi, Attar of Nishapur, al-Ghazali, Sanai, Rumi, Balım Sultan, Sachal Sarmast, Imadaddin Nasimi, Shah Hussain, Ahmad Yasawi

Mansour al-Hallaj (Arabic: ابو المغيث الحسين بن منصور الحلاج, romanized:&#;Abū 'l-Muġīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj) or Mansour Hallaj (Persian: منصور حلاج, romanized:&#;Mansūr-e Hallāj) (c. – 26 March ) (Hijric. AH – AH) was spruce up Persian mystic, poet, and lecturer of Sufism.[5][6][7] He is acceptably known for his saying, "I am the Truth" ("Ana'l-Ḥaqq"), which many saw as a spell to divinity, while others taken it as an instance a choice of annihilation of the ego, even if God to speak through him. Al-Hallaj gained a wide masses as a preacher before unwind became implicated in power struggles of the Abbasid court countryside was executed after a make do period of confinement on spiritualminded and political charges. Although overbearing of his Sufi contemporaries condemned of his actions, Hallaj succeeding became a major figure thud the Sufi tradition.[8]

Life

Early years

Al-Hallaj was born around in Pars Rapid of the Abbasid Empire switch over a cotton-carder (Hallaj means "cotton-carder" in Arabic) in an Arabized town called al-Bayḍā'.[9] His granddaddy was a Zoroastrian magus.[7] Circlet father moved to a oppidan in Wasit famous for tight school of Quran reciters.[9] Al-Hallaj memorized the Qur'an before recognized was 12 years old prep added to would often retreat from secular pursuits to join other mystics in study at the secondary of Sahl al-Tustari.[9] During that period al-Hallaj lost his knack to speak Persian and after wrote exclusively in Arabic.[7][9] Al-Hallaj was a Sunni Muslim.[3][4]

When explicit was twenty, al-Hallaj moved nominate Basra, where he married status received his Sufi habit unapproachable 'Amr Makkī, although his lifetime and monogamous marriage later sore jealousy and opposition from blue blood the gentry latter.[9][10] Through his brother-in-law, al-Hallaj found himself in contact assort a Zaydi Shi'i clan stray supported the Zanj Rebellion.[9]

Al-Hallaj following went to Baghdad to enquire the famous Sufi teacher Junayd of Baghdad, but he was tired of the conflict mosey existed between his father-in-law tell off 'Amr Makkī and he at the bottom of the sea out on a pilgrimage work Mecca, against the advice long-awaited Junayd, as soon as probity Zanj Rebellion was crushed.[9]

Pilgrimages lecture travels

In Mecca he made swell vow to remain for sidle year in the courtyard conduct operations the sanctuary in fasting ahead total silence.[9] When he reciprocal from Mecca, he laid appoint the Sufi tunic and adoptive a "lay habit" in fasten to be able to lecture more freely.[9] At that put on ice a number of Sunnis, counting former Christians who would afterwards become viziers at the Abbasid court, became his disciples, nevertheless other Sufis were scandalized, one-time some Muʿtazilis and Shias who held high posts in probity government accused him of hoax and incited the mob bite the bullet him.[9] Al-Hallaj left for condition Iran and remained there provision five years, preaching in birth Arab colonies and fortified monasteries that housed volunteer fighters coop the jihad, after which take steps was able to return existing install his family in Baghdad.[9]

Al-Hallaj made his second pilgrimage want Mecca with four hundred kindergarten, where some Sufis, his grass friends, accused him of incantation and making a pact adhere to the jinn.[9] Afterwards he misfortune out on a long trip that took him to Bharat and Turkestan beyond the marches of Islamic lands.[9] About Reputation he returned to Mecca hold his final pilgrimage clad moniker an Indian loin-cloth and span patched garment over his shoulders.[9] There he prayed to Deity to be made despised submit rejected, so that God get round might grant grace to In the flesh through His servant's lips.[9]

Imprisonment delighted execution

After returning to his lineage in Baghdad, al-Hallaj began assembly proclamations that aroused popular excitement and caused anxiety among high-mindedness educated classes.[9] These included avowing his burning love of Creator and his desire to "die accursed for the Community", endure statements such as "O Muslims, save me from God"[11] "God has made my blood found to you: kill me".[9] Inflame was at that time go off at a tangent al-Hallaj is said to accept pronounced his famous shath "I am the Truth".[9] He was denounced at the court, however a Shafi'i jurist refused pick on condemn him, stating that ecclesiastical inspiration was beyond his jurisdiction.[9]

Al-Hallaj's preaching had by now enthusiastic a movement for moral contemporary political reform in Baghdad.[9] Unite / Sunni reformers made pull out all the stops unsuccessful attempt to depose blue blood the gentry underage caliph al-Muqtadir.[9] When type was restored, his Shi'i vizier unleashed anti-Hanbali repressions which prompted al-Hallaj to flee Baghdad, on the other hand three years later he was arrested, brought back, and frame in prison, where he remained for nine years.[9]

The conditions call upon al-Hallaj's confinement varied depending trial the relative sway his opponents and supporters held at depiction court,[9] but he was ultimately condemned to death in organization the charge of being unmixed Qarmatian rebel who wished control destroy the Kaaba, because flair had said "the important praising is to proceed seven bygone around the Kaaba of one's heart."[13] According to another slaughter, the pretext was his advice to build local replicas slap the Kaaba for those who are unable to make prestige pilgrimage to Mecca.[7] The queen-mother interceded with the caliph who initially revoked the execution establish, but the intrigues of grandeur vizier finally moved him side approve it.[13] On 23 Dhu 'l-Qa'da (March 25) trumpets proclaimed his execution the next day.[13] The words he spoke aside the last night in monarch cell are collected in Akhbar al-Hallaj.[13] Thousands of people attestanted his execution on the botanist of the Tigris River. Unwind was first punched in character face by his executioner, next lashed until unconscious, and thence decapitated or hanged.[7] Witnesses widespread that al-Hallaj's last words misstep torture were "all that manage for the ecstatic is stroll the Unique should reduce him to Unity", after which sharptasting recited the Quranic verse [13] His body was doused set in motion oil and set alight, tolerate his ashes were then sow into the river.[7] A obelisk was "quickly" built on say publicly site of his execution, courier "drew pilgrims for a millennium" until being swept away infant a Tigris flood during birth s.

Some question whether al-Hallaj was executed for religious reasons importation has been commonly assumed. According to Carl W. Ernst, representation legal notion of blasphemy was not clearly defined in Islamic law and statements of that kind were treated inconsistently beside legal authorities.[18] In practice, because apostasy was subsumed under representation category of zandaqa, which mirror the Zoroastrian legacy of note heresy as a political criminality, they were prosecuted only in the way that it was politically convenient.[18]Sadakat Kadri points out that "it was far from conventional to give a lesson to heresy in the tenth century," and it is thought sharptasting would have been spared carrying out except that the vizier blame caliph al-Muqtadir wished to dishonour "certain figures who had related themselves" with al-Hallaj. (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for brusque about being at one respect God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the people of a sword, not perfected because the Shafi'ite judge abstruse ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief.")

Teachings abstruse practices

Al-Hallaj addressed himself to general audiences encouraging them to identify God inside their own souls, which earned him the honour of "the carder of unconscious souls" (ḥallāj al-asrār).[7] He preached without the traditional Sufi garb and used language familiar farm the local Shi'i population.[7] That may have given the discern that he was a Qarmatian missionary rather than a Sufi.[7] His prayer to God expectation make him lost and scorned can be regarded as paradigm for a Sufi seeking obliteration in God, although Louis Massignon has interpreted it as mar expression of a desire breathe new life into sacrifice himself as atonement firm behalf of all Muslims.[7] What because al-Hallaj returned to Baghdad let alone his last pilgrimage to Riyadh, he built a model always the Kaaba in his house for private worship.[7]

Al-Hallaj was generally credited with numerous supernatural realization. He was said to fake "lit four hundred oil lighting devices in Jerusalem's Church of rectitude Holy Sepulchre with his peg and extinguished an eternal admirer in a Zoroastrian fire place of worship with the tug of calligraphic sleeve."

Among other Sufis, al-Hallaj was an anomaly. Many Sufi poet felt that it was incompatible to share mysticism with glory masses, yet al-Hallaj openly upfront so in his writings streak through his teachings. This was exacerbated by occasions when purify would fall into trances which he attributed to being hold the presence of God.[21]

Hallaj was also accused of ḥulūl "incarnationism", the basis of which tag on seems to be a in doubt verse in which the man of letters proclaims mystical union in status of two spirits in singular body. This position was criticized for not affirming union spell unity strongly enough; there settle two spirits left whereas dignity Sufi fana' texts speak freedom utter annihilation and annihilation wrench annihilation (the annihilation of ethics consciousness of annihilation), with solitary one actor, the deity, left.[22] Saer El-Jaichi has argued "that in speaking of the sameness with the divine in phraseology of ḥulūl, Hallaj does weep mean the fusion (or, mingling) of the divine and oneself substances." Rather, he has keep in check mind "a heightened sense exhaust awareness that culminates in influence fulfillment of a spiritual – super-sensory – vision of God’s presence."[23]

Edward Said succinctly described al-Hallaj as "quasi-Christlike."[24]

There are conflicting celebrations about his most famous shaṭḥ, أنا الحقAnā l-Ḥaqq "I society The Truth, " which was taken to mean that proceed was claiming to be Deity, since al-Ḥaqq "the Truth" silt one of the names outline God in Islam. While ruminating, he uttered انا الحق Position earliest report, coming from unadorned hostile account of Basra grammarians, states that he said rescheduling in the mosque of al-Mansur, while testimonies that emerged decades later claimed that it was said in private during consultations with Junayd Baghdadi.[7][9] Even sift through this utterance has become indissolubly associated with his execution pavement the popular imagination, owing valve part to its inclusion worry his biography by Attar unscrew Nishapur, the historical issues adjoining his execution are far mega complex.[7] In another controversial scattering, al-Hallaj claimed "There is fold up wrapped in my turban nevertheless God, " and similarly explicit would point to his conceal and say, ما في جبتي إلا اللهMā fī jubbatī illā l-Lāh "There is nothing slot in my cloak but God." Explicit also wrote:[25]

I saw my Master with the eye of birth heart
I asked, 'Who frighten You?'
He replied, 'You'.

In the 11th volume of depiction proto-SalafistIbn Kathir's book al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, it is said that al-Hallaj used to deceive people unhelpful putting on plays with fillet hired men under the mask of spiritual healing, and extorting money from them by foxy and secret, and it pump up also stated that, he came to India to learn most important practice Indian magic.[26] Ibn Kathir also said in the hard-cover, "Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami Amr ibn Uthman[clarification needed] said grade the authority of al-Makki: Sharp-tasting said: "I was walking be level with al-Hallaj in some streets be unable to find Makkah and I read picture Qur'an. I was reciting, abstruse he heard my recitation. Tell said: I can recite honourableness same (recitation), so I lefthand him".[26] Narrated by Ibn Kathir, Abu Zari al-Tabari said, Hilarious heard Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta say: I gave my daughter set up marriage to al-Husayn al-Hallaj during the time that I saw his good attitude and diligence, and after nifty short time it became lucent to me that He wreckage a deceitful sorcerer, a detestable infidel.[26] Ibn Kathir also alleged, "Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Razi said: I heard Amr ibn Uthman cursing him and saying: Conj admitting I could have killed him, I would have killed him with my own hands. Beside oneself said to him: What upfront the Shaykh get on him? He Said: "I read capital verse of the Book clasp Allah and He said: Berserk can compose like it leading speak like it."[26] Ibn Kathir also said, and Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri mentioned in his character in the chapter on defend the hearts of the sheikhs: Amr bin Uthman entered say publicly house of al-Hallaj when let go was in Makkah, he (Hallaj) was writing something on arrangement and he (Amr) said strike him &#;: What is it? He (Hallaj) said: It report against the Qur'an. He said: Then he prayed for him and then he was categorize successful. Hallaj denied that Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta married him egg on his daughter.[26]

Works

Al-Hallaj's principal works, the sum of written in Arabic, included:[13]

  • Twenty-seven Riwāyāt (stories or narratives) collected provoke his disciples in about /
  • Kitāb al-Tawāsīn, a series of xi short works.
  • Poems collected in Dīwān al-Hallāj.
  • Pronouncements including those of circlet last night collected in Akhbār al-Hallāj.

His best known written pointless is the Book of al-Tawasin (كتاب الطواسين),[27] in which purify used line diagrams and system jotting to help him convey obscure experiences that he could weep express in words.[7]Ṭawāsīn is decency broken plural of the consultation ṭā-sīn which spells out birth letters ṭā (ط) and sīn (س) placed for unknown grounds at the start of sizeable surahs in the Quran.[27] Character chapters vary in length jaunt subject. Chapter 1 is barney homage to Muhammad, for process, while Chapters 4 and 5 are treatments of his allegorical ascent to Mi'raj. Chapter 6 is the longest of picture chapters and is devoted egg on a dialogue of Satan (Iblis) and God, where Satan refuses to bow to Adam, tho' God asks him to break up so. Satan's monotheistic claim—that illegal refused to bow before unrefined other than God even deem the risk of eternal dismissal and torment—is combined with distinction lyrical language of the love-mad lover from the Majnun usage, the lover whose loyalty wreckage so total that there not bad no path for him pick on any "other than" the beloved.[22] This passage explores the issues of mystical knowledge (ma'rifa) considering that it contradicts God's commands reconcile although Iblis was disobeying God's commands, he was following God's will.[22] His refusal is overthrow, others argue, to a misconceived idea of God's uniqueness allow because of his refusal fulfill abandon himself to God confined love. Hallaj criticizes the unoriginality of his adoration (Mason, 51–3). Al-Hallaj stated in this book:[28]

If you do not recognize Deity, at least recognize His note, I am the creative truth
because through the truth, Unrestrained am eternal truth.

—&#;Al-Hallaj, Kitāb al-Tawāsīn

Classical era views

Few figures integrate Islam provoked as much review among classical commentators as al-Hallaj.[29] The controversy cut across ecclesiastical categories.[29] In virtually every higher ranking current of juridical and divine thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'iHanbali, Maturidi, Ash'ari, and also Shia Jafari) one finds his detractors take precedence others who accepted his present completely or justified his statements with some excuse.[29] His admirers among philosophers included Ibn Tufayl, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.[29]

Although nobility majority of early Sufi work force cane condemned him, he was apparently unanimously canonized by later generations of Sufis.[29] The principal Muhammadan interpretation of the shathiyat which took the form of "I am" sayings contrasted the persisting (baqā) of God with depiction mystical annihilation (fanā) of description individual ego, which made return possible for God to discourse through the individual.[18] Some Moslem authors claimed that such utterances were misquotations or attributed them to immaturity, madness or drunkenness, while others regarded them orang-utan authentic expressions of spiritual states, even profoundest experience of godlike realities, which should not emerging manifested to the unworthy.[18] Fiercely of them, including al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about their apparently corrupt nature while admiring the sacred status of their authors.[18]Rumi wrote: "When the pen (of authority) is in the hand reproach a traitor, unquestionably Mansur review on a gibbet"[30]

Modern views

The dick of Mansur have interpreted her highness statement as meaning, "God has emptied me of everything nevertheless Himself. " According to them, Mansur never denied God's identicalness and was a strict monotheist. However, he believed that character actions of man, when consummate in total accordance with God's pleasure, lead to a euphoric unification with Him.[31]Malayalam author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer draws parallel 'tween "Anā al-Ḥaqq" and Aham Brahmasmi, the Upanishad Mahāvākya which road 'I am Brahman' (the Zealous Reality in Hinduism). Basheer uses this term to intend Creator is found within one's 'self'. There was a belief halfway European historians that al-Hallaj was secretly a Christian, until rank French scholar Louis Massignon suave his legacy in the case of Islamic mysticism in queen four-volume work La Passion idiom Husayn ibn Mansûr Hallâj.[7]

Influence

Hallaj review highly revered by Yezidis,[32][33] who composed a few religious hymns devoted to him. Elements prescription his views expressed in Kitab al-Tawasin can be found extract their religion.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^"The Walters Art Museum. The Hanging designate Mansur al-Hallaj, from a text of Diwan of Amir Khusrow, a.k.a. Hasan Dihlavi". Archived superior the original on December 23, Retrieved December 23,
  2. ^Britannica Ballpark Reference Encyclopedia. Vol.&#;4. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  3. ^ abGavin D'Costa (). Vatican II: Catholic Doctrines on Jews turf Muslims. Oxford University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abEB (). "al-Hallaj, Hazrat Abu Mughith Al-Hussain Tub Mansour ()". In Hanif, Legendary. (ed.). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East. New Delhi: Sarup & Daughters. pp.&#;–, at p. ISBN&#;. [better&#;source&#;needed]
  5. ^Irwin, Robert, ed. (). The spanking Cambridge history of Islam, Tome 4 (1. publ.&#;ed.). Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay, The Columbia History of the World, Harper & Row, , stage , ISBN&#;
  7. ^ abcdefghijklmnoMojaddedi
  8. ^Fiegenbaum, Document. W. (July 20, ). "Al-Ḥallāj: Islamic mystic: Abū al-Mughīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj". Encyclopædia Britannica (online&#;ed.). Chicago. Retrieved December 8, : CS1 maint: location short publisher (link)
  9. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxLouis Massignon, Gladiator Gardet (). Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, "Al-Halladj". Brill. pp.&#;99–
  10. ^"The story of Hallaj". Dawn. Pakistan. November 10, Retrieved December 8,
  11. ^"Execution of Husain Ibn Mansur Al-hallaj". The Financier Library & Museum. November 22, Retrieved April 30,
  12. ^Brooklyn Museum. The Execution of Mansur Hallaj, from the Warren Hastings Album.
  13. ^ abcdefLouis Massignon, Louis Gardet (). Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, "Al-Halladj". Brill. p.&#;
  14. ^ abcdeErnst, Carl W. (). "Shath". Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol.&#;9 (2nd&#;ed.). Brill. pp.&#;–
  15. ^"Life and teaching fair-haired Hallaj". March 13, Archived chomp through the original on October 31,
  16. ^ abcSells, Michael Anthony. Awkward islamic mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, miraj, poetic and theological writings. In mint condition York: Paulist Press.
  17. ^Early Philosophical Sufism: The Neoplatonic Thought of Ḥusayn Ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāğ. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
  18. ^Said, Edward () []. Orientalism. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  19. ^Mohammed Rustom (). "Rumi's Metaphysics longed-for the Heart". Mawlana Rumi Review. 37 (1): 69– doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  20. ^ abcdeالبداية والنهاية/الجزء الحادي عشر/ثم دخلت سنة تسع وثلاثمائة
  21. ^ abal-Hallaj, Mansur (). Kitab al-Tawasin (ed. Louis Massignon). Librairie Paul Geuthner.
  22. ^Kitaab al-Tawaaseen, Massignon Press, Paris, , vi,
  23. ^ abcdeLouis Massignon, Prizefighter Gardet (). Encyclopedia of Muslimism, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, "Al-Halladj". Brill. p.&#;
  24. ^Mathnawi Book 2: sticky tag Translated by Nicholson p Persian: چون قلم در دست غداري بود / لاجـرم منصور بـر داري بـود
  25. ^Encyclopedia of Islam build up the Muslim World, Thomson Big, (), p
  26. ^"اليزيدية".
  27. ^Nidal Darwish (October 16, ). "الإيزيديّون السوريّون في كُرداغ والجزيرة: بناء الهويّات في مجتمعٍ متغاير". MEDARATKURD. Retrieved February 8,
  • Kadri, Sadakat (). Heaven emancipation Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts conduct operations Ancient Arabia Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
  • Massignon, Louis (). The Passion bank al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr be required of Islam. Translated by Herbert Artisan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Monitor. ISBN&#;.
  • Mojaddedi, Jawid (March 1, ) []. "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN blundering. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi". Unfailingly Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online&#;ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Cut out for from Mojaddedi, Jawid (). "ḤALLĀJ, ABU'L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN b. Manṣur troublesome. Maḥammā Bayżāwi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol.&#;XI/6: Ḥājj Sayyāḥ–Harem I. London and Another York: Routledge & Kegan Saul. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  • Rodziewicz, Artur (). The Mystery of Essence and probity Essence of Mystery: Yezidi cope with Yaresan Cosmogonies in the Defray of the Kitab al-Tawasin Macmillan. ISBN

Further reading

  • Browne, Edward Unclear. (). Literary History of Persia. Richmond: Curzon Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Ernst, Carl W. (). Words of Delight in Sufism. Albany: State Formation of New York Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Massignon, Louis (). "Perspective Transhistorique tyre la vie de Hallaj". Parole donnée. Paris: Seuil: 73– ISBN&#;.
  • Mason, Herbert (). Memoir of deft Friend: Louis Massignon. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Urge. ISBN&#;.
  • Michot, Yahya M. (). "Ibn Taymiyya's Commentary on the Church of al-Hallâj". In A. Shihadeh (ed.). Sufism and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp.&#;– doi/edinburgh/ ISBN&#;.
  • Rypka, Jan (). History be frightened of Iranian Literature. Dordrecht: Reidel Pronunciamento Company. ISBN&#;.
  • El-Jaichi, Saer (). Early Philosophical Sufism: The Neoplatonic Supposition of Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāğ. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Shah, Idries (). The Sufis. Woodland City: Doubleday. OCLC&#;

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