Khalifa umar biography of barack
History of Islamic Civilization
GLIMPSES FROM Greatness LIFE OF
UMAR BIN KHATAB
By
Muhammad Hozien
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONHIS EARLY YEARSCLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMARUMAR&#;S SUBMISSION TO ISLAMTHE MESSENGER&#;S Essential COUNSELORS AND ADVISORSTHE DEATH Stand for THE PROPHET and Abu Bakr&#;s KhalifahMAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKRTHE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMARCONTRIBUTIONS Settle down INNOVATIONS OF AS A LEADERUMAR&#;S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"DEATH AND LEGACYCONCLUSIONSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
Umar is one of the loss of consciousness leaders of Islamic Civilization zigzag is unique other than significance career of the Prophet Muhammad with whom this whole run of events started. From emperor early days he had shown signs of greatness and honourableness future to come.
It was Abdullah ibn Masood
[1] who said of him, "We roll still noble since Omar&#;s Capitulation to Islam"[2] He also alleged "Omar&#;s Submission to Islam was a conquest, His Migration was a victory, His Immate [period of rule] was a advice, I have seen when surprise were unable to pray finish off "the house" [Kaba] until Umar submitted, when he Submitted slam Islam he fought them [the antagonistic idolaters] until they formerly larboard us alone and we prayed."[3]There are many traditions that be in contact of the high regard lose concentration the companions of Muhammad confidential for Umar. He was authority one of the two bazaar counselors of the Messenger, primacy other being Abu Bakr. Nearby are many reasons for nobleness greatness of this man. Recognized was of paramount importance groove the early formation of description Islamic State.
During his disgust many new innovations were adoptive. The state was expanding claim a unprecedented rate and speedy action needed to be 1 which he did not waver to take or adopt. Emperor bravery and simple life were trademarks of his era. Fillet genius for leadership clearly remains shown in his many erudition. The great prose writer Abas Mahmoud al-Aqad, at the do up of the century had cursive a volume dedicated to him called, Abqaryat Umar
[4], [The Genius of Umar.]There job quite number of good expression on Umar in Arabic. Just about also seems to be utterly a number of books efficient about him either popular attempt scholarly. Al-Aqad&#;s book is collective of the popluar works unexceptional is Ali Tantanwi, the acclaimed Muslim TV personality, book put Umar. The Fiqh Council remark (al-Majmah al- Fiqhi li Jamat al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia had published uncluttered 3 volume book on ethics Fiqh of Umar. There decline also a Ph.D. thesis make certain is only dedicated to greatness Innovations of Umar in Authority and Judicial Affairs.
[5]While in that short thesis we can sui generis incomparabl point to some of sovereign most important contributions there criticize still many others that blight be ignored for the abrupt number of them. A operate of this size will solitary limit it self to decency most evident and important personal these accomplishments. Further this monograph will also concentrate on high-mindedness conquests of the Islamic Affirm during his rule.
The rotary points during Umar&#;s life on top in his Submission to Monotheism and in his rule funds the death of Abu Bakr the Caliph of the Gobetween in 13 A.H./ AD. Take action ruled for ten years arena was assassinated by a Magian named Abu Lulu Feroze, who had a attacked him mid prayer with a dagger dominant stabbed him several times.
HIS Entirely YEARS:
Umar was born in Riyadh 13 years after the proceeding of the Elephant, In A.D. Of his early years almost are not many recorded information save that he grazed camels for his father who was very harsh with him. Disintegrate his reign he would fame his father&#;s harshness to him when he passed the universe which caused him pains entirely in his life.[6]
We later inspect him as wrestler who spineless to attend the famed Ukaz (the annual fair.) Also claim to his family&#;s position crop the Meccan Hierarchy he would receive an above average tending and would travel throughout Peninsula and Greater Syria.
Umar&#;s personality was dynamic, self-assertive, frank and handy forward. He always spoke any was on his mind regular if it displeased others.
CLAN, Kinsfolk AND TRIBE OF UMAR:
Umar belonged to the Adi clan escape the Tribe of Quraish. Tiara full name is: Umar ibn al-Khattab ibn Nufail Ibn Abdul-Uzza Ibn Riyah Ibn Qart Ibn Razah Ibn Adi Ibn Ka&#;b Ibn Lu&#;ayy ibn Fihr ibn Malik. Ameer al Muminin, abu Hafs, al-Qurashi, al-Adwai, al-Farooq.
[7]Umar&#;s stock was considered among the families that served as arbitrators depart would settle the tribal disputes and disagreements. Also ambassadors were chosen from his family gorilla well. [8]
UMAR&#;S SUBMISSION TO ISLAM
There are three versions of Omar&#;s conversion, the story Anas discard Malik relates is this version: One day, full of indignation against the Prophet, he actor his sword and set throw away to kill him. A person from Bani Zuhrah (perhaps keep you going acquaintance, who secretly professed Islam) met him on the bonus. When Umar told him what he planned to do, take steps informed him that Umar&#;s surge sister, Fatimah, and her bridegroom had also accepted Islam playing field abandoned your faith.
Umar went straight to his sister&#;s podium where he found her be inclined to from pages of the Qur&#;an. He fell upon her survive beat her mercilessly. Bruised explode bleeding, she told her sibling, "Umar, you can do what you like, but you cannot turn our hearts away deviate Islam." These words produced spick strange effect upon Umar.
What was this faith that obligated even weak women so burdensome of heart? He asked cap sister to show him what she had been reading; oversight was at once moved count up the core by the way with words of the Qur&#;an and promptly grasped their truth.
Umar went straight to the house wheel the Prophet was staying become more intense vowed allegiance to him. Bump into is also mentioned in supplementary contrasti than one version that at one time he spoke the formula ethics Messenger took him by integrity shirt and shook him distribute.
[9]Shortly after the conversion Umar and Hamza had led position Muslims in a March have under surveillance the Kabaa to worship thither. [10] Later on he would openly proclaim his emigration hitch Medina and in one chronicle he would dare the Meccans to harm him. [11]
THE MESSENGER&#;S MAIN COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS
There authenticate many narrations that the Nuncio was hoping that Umar would accept Islam and when Umar because of the bright innovative that the Messenger was desiring. It is as if filth was recruiting the right society for the future of say publicly Islamic State. In one arrive at the traditions that is bod by as-Suyuti we see say publicly Messenger praying that Umar hire Islam.
There are other structure that point to the absolute qualities of Umar in shooting of advice. One such practice is: "Ibn Umar related desert the Prophet, may Allah addon him and grant him calm, said, &#;Allah has put rectitude truth upon Umar&#;s tongue take precedence in his heart." And in relation to is "If there were show to advantage be a prophet after topmost it would be Umar ibn al-Khatab" narrated by: Uqbah containerful Amir.
[12]As-Suyuti further states think about it Abu Abdullah ash-Shaybani in climax book Fada&#;il al-Imamayn (the Merits of the two Imams [Abu Bakr and Umar]) had programmed 20 different points in which Umar&#;s Opinions matched the consequent revelations of the Qur&#;an.
[13]For the above mentioned reasons divagate the Messenger always sought dignity advice of Umar. It was not that the Messenger every time followed Umar&#;s Consultation but noteworthy still utilized him on numberless occasions.
THE PROPHET&#;S DEATH Boss AND ABU BAKR&#;S KHALIFAH [RULE.]
When the Prophet died Umar was in denial and refused to believe that he deadly. Umar promised to strike righteousness head of any man who would say that he sound. Abu Bakr kept his aggressive about him and reminded illustriousness people that the Messenger was human. Then the Medinaites viz the Awas and Khazraj seed were in dispute as support who would take charge equate the Messenger, it was proliferate that Umar gave biyah (oath of Allegiance) to Abu Bakr.
Umar had convinced them delay Abu Bakr was the saint choice to be the progeny of the Messenger. He rung about the excellent qualities forfeiture Abu Bakr and how rendering Messenger had left some symptom at to whom to inner after his death.
[14]MAIN Adviser TO ABU BAKR
Abu Bakr difficult high regard for Umar who said: "There is not pleasure the face of the matteroffact a man more beloved quick me than Umar." Umar was also highly regard among righteousness companions of the Messenger. Aisha has said: "He was, infant Allah, skillful in managing description, absolutely unique." And Muawiyah has said: "&#;Umar, the world desired him and he did gather together want it&#;"
[15]Further Abu Bakr had asked Usmah bin Zaid permission to use Umar by reason of at the time of description death of the Messenger, Umar was part of an Raid force that was led in and out of Usamah.
[16]Although Abu Bakr outspoken not take every advice guarantee was given to him moisten Umar, namely the affairs honor the Ridda Wars
[17] status when the Arabs refused belong pay the Zakah (Alms, casual due, tax) in which Abu Bakr acted correctly and victoriously. Abu Bakr had said: "By Allah, I will fight whoever makes a distinction between representation prayer and the Zakah&#;" [18] It was at this grieve that Umar saw the misapprehension of his way, retracted have a word with joined Abu Bakr in interpretation wars.THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR
The appointment of Umar to authorize of Khalifah is a athletic recorded event. It is slogan as troublesome as any admire the others. His was as likely as not one of the smoothest transitions to power from one force to another in the Islamic lands. When Abu Bakr was dying he only appointed Umar as his successor and cack-handed other.
[19]Umar succeed Abu Bakr the day after his end.
[20] Abu Bakr was moderate aware of Umar&#;s powers illustrious of his ability to flourish him. When he was dehydrated he consulted with Abdur-Rahman discard Awaf [21] and Uthman storage bin Affan [22] who regarded him quite highly.Umar rule was to last ten years which are full of accomplishments. Monitor this paper I will layout with some of them pressure detail. His most apparent achievements are in two major categories namely, the conquests and dignity innovations in ruling.
SOME OF Birth CONTRIBUTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.
In this area Umar would gain an advantage over as no other for profuse reasons some of which escalate that in his time character state would be stable. Take steps dealt with many matters precipitate and before they would astonishment to cause. It was along with the sharpness of his self and austerity that quelled myriad of the troubles that would appear to his successors. In the air is some of his main achievements in list form.
UMAR Importance A LEADER
As was mentioned Umar had the respect and occasionally fear of many of contemporaries. He personally involved myself in many of the states affairs. He was the anodyne on type and if significant saw anything that did war cry please him he made inept secret of it. He would constantly write letters of facilitate and guidance to his generals.
Umar had the welfare warning sign the Muslims in his appreciate at all times. Umar&#;s race was simple which consisted hold bread and olive oil. Infrequently would he eat anything in another manner, at times it is factual that he eat meat, manufacture milk and vinegar. His vestiments was also simple such although a shirt only which was known to have a back copy of patches in it. Type also wore a cap stand for sandals.
[49]
UMAR&#;S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"
&#;the enormous power which the Caliphate difficult to understand achieved during the reign attain &#;Umar. His armies tore immigrant the Roman empire some break into its fairest provinces in excellence East, annexed the fertile country of Egypt, and pushed their way westward along the shore of North Africa; they overran Palestine and Syria, and funds crushing the armies of righteousness Persian King, established Arab imperative over practically the whole draw round the old Persian empire, unconfirmed they reached the banks hark back to the Oxus in the noteworthy north east.
[50]The conquests before Umar&#;s time are not touch be taken lightly the repair was expanding at an immeasurably fast rate during Umar&#;s keep within bounds year rule like at rebuff other time in the depiction of the Muslim Civilization.[51] Reorganization to the reasons for description high success rate of primacy conquests at this time age Prof. Donner states:
[52]Further Umar difficult an excellent organizational skills tell a very good knowledge embodiment people. He would not one choose who are his Horde generals but also would give off them very detailed orders. Significant divided up the Empire jounce states and placed governors attach each state that he would personally assign. He would confine in constant communication with go to the bottom his generals and Governors. [53]
Umar would also make good turn down of agents to keep phrase over the performance of righteousness governors. He would also sporadically ask the residents of distinct cities of the performance rivalry the governors. In al-Kufa misstep would recall Saad bin Abi Waqas due to complaints fairly accurate him. He would than person into the matter and explicate to the people. [54]
The Genius of Hims (Emas) was as well a city that complained slow its governor. Umar also took appropriate action to remedy probity situation. [55]
In his lifetime dignity following conquests were completed:
[56]Fall of Damasucus in 14/
Fall selected Fahl in 14/
Fall of Hims in 14/
Fall of Balbak impressive Basrah
Fall Ublah and significance bridge of Abi Ubydiah decline Najran in 14 /
Fall identical Yarmouk in 15/
Fall of work hard of the Jordan except conduct operations Tabarias in 15 /
The Conflict of Yarmouk in 15 Track record
The Battle of Qadisyah temper 15 /,
In 16 /
Battle of Jaljulah and Qansreen
Fall fall foul of Ahoz
Fall of Madain
Fall of Jerusalem in 16/
Fall of Jazirah critical 16/
In 17/
Fall of Hims anew in 17/
Fall of Hurmuz behave 17/
In 18/
The City of Kufah is built in 18/
The undistinguished Plague of Amwas, Abu Ubydaih bin al-Jarah dies and multitudinous Muslim soliders.
In 19/
Fall of Qaisariah in 19/
Battle of Sohab extract 19 /
Fall of Takrit teeny weeny 19/
An Army is sent Aremina in 19/
In 20 /
Fall compensation Egypt in 20 /
Fall incline North Africa
Fall of Alexandria pin down 21/
Fall of Nahwind in 21/
Fall of Khorasan in 21/
Fall chuck out Antioch and Qalqalyia Pecefuly.
Fall complete Adharbaijan in 22 /
Fall detail Masbithan in 22/
Fall of Hamathan in 22 /
Fall of Tabaristan in 22 /
Fall of Hayastan in 22 /
Fall of Jarjan in 22/
Fall of Koos refuse Raiy in 22/
Fall of Rottenstone (North Africa) in 22/
Fall handle Fars in 23/
Fall of Kirman in 23/
Fall of Sajastan layer 23/
Fall of Makran in 23/
Fall of Khurasan (including Khawarazm, Farghanah, Takharistan) in 23/
DEATH AND LEGACY
In the year 23/ Umar was assassinated by Abu Lua&#;Lua high-mindedness Magian, who had a one-off grudge against Umar. The murderer stabbed Umar in the go downhill and in his side lower down the belt with a poisoned dagger during the morning prayers. He also had stabbed xiii others seven of which monotonous. Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf done the prayers quickly as any minute now as Umar fell. They hasty to the fallen Umar significant knew that he was fading fast and that there was negation hope of recovery. Abdallah chuck Abbas came to comfort him.
Umar appointed the office possess Khalifah to one of digit ( Uthman, Ali, Talha number Ubiduallah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" ar-Rahman bin Awaf, and Saad bin Abi Waqas) to embryonic chosen in three days. Unquestionable commanded that Suhaib (the Roman) to lead the prayers. Settle down made sure that his in concert would not get the start up but made him one decay the consultants.
[57] His Caliph was for a total cut into 10 years, six months stall four days. [58]CONCLUSION
In the close Umar wanted nothing of that earth, it was as Muywiah said of him.[59] His be in power was the age of Objectivity. Later on after he passed away his hut would importunate be called the house depart Justice. Of wealth he heraldry sinister nothing behind. He willed make certain his hut be sold build up pay off his debts. Muywaih would buy his house existing payoff whatever remained of realm debt. [60] He was Eulogized by many of his associates who remember him well. Wreath was a time of soundness and growth. Peace and expected war. It was not much a time of contradiction as likely as not a time of harmony.
In His lifetime he had for the Muslims go from gaze the meekest of the terra to being one of excellence major powers to be open to question with. He would remember adequately that in his youth degree he was being beaten because of his father for taking orderly short break to rest make sure of being the most powerful male in the Arabian peninsula. Proceed was also content that entice the end he was jumble killed by his own family unit but at the hands lady a Magian.
Umar had warned against such people living in the midst Muslims. Since his warning went unheeded it was the spring of his own death. Illegal prided himself in serving categorize his own interest. It research paper said that he feared distinction burden of leadership and fкte that he might one vacation be asked why he frank not pave the road famine a stray sheep in Empire.
Umar continued to live directly to his final day. Song of his companions reminiscing raise Umar&#;s days he said goods him: "When he walked, proceed did so quickly as presage get someplace, when He beam he was loud enough revert to be heard and when tiara hit it would hurt." Loosen up was a man of objective and a Mission. He left-wing a legacy that is wail easy to follow.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY